Marketing Research and Segmentation Problem Paper

Marketing and Segmentation Problem - Research Paper Example Therefore, it can be mentioned in a nutshell that the hospital caters to the general people with a wide range of medical facilities. Research A research on the consumers in the area surrounding the hospital would be carried out with the help of Value and Lifestyles (VALS2) and Potential Rating Index by Zip Market (PRIZM). VALS2 This tool for lifestyle analysis makes an endeavor to contour consumers by categorizing into three diverse orientation groups and they are principle oriented, action oriented and status oriented. Each of the categories is believed to be supported by two dimensions and they are resources as well as self-orientation. The orientation groups are then again sub-grouped into eight diverse lifestyle segments. These mentioned lifestyle segments are known as actualizers, fulfilleds or survivors, achievers, believers, experiencers, strivers, makers and strugglers. The medical facility or rather the hospital is assumed to be located in the United States (US) where the po pulation has been learnt to be alienated into three main consumer kinds as previously mentioned. The principle oriented individuals are the ones whose selection for services is presided over by their respective beliefs rather than their requirement for support from other individuals. The selections of the status oriented individuals are supposed to be guided by the support, action along with the views of the other individuals. The action oriented individuals are measured to be those who get stimulated by a desire for physical or even social form of activity, risk bearing and variety (Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2012). The believers and the fulfilleds have been stated to fall under the category of principle oriented individuals. The actualizers, achievers, strivers and strugglers are learnt to belong to the category of status oriented individuals. Lastly, the experiencers and the makers are clubbed in the category of action oriented individuals or segments. Therefore, the application of this particular model would effectively aid in segmenting the market for the needed kind of service (Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2012). PRIZM The other tool for assessing the lifestyle of the individuals for the intended service is the PRIZM. The intention of this mentioned tool is recognized to be the assessment of the geographic regions along with associating them with the consumption pattern. This form of assessment is supposed to be founded on the assertion that lifestyle as well as consumption remains principally guided by the demographic rudiments. An imperative step with regard to this form of assessment is the ascertainment of the proper base definition in order to appropriately match up with the accurate household base (Scarborough Research, 2012). Market Segmentation The target segment or rather the kind of individuals targeted for the medical facility or the hospital would be the principle oriented individuals and the status oriented individual s. The initial category of individuals are learnt to be quite well educated individuals who are either engaged with professional occupations or are retired. This implies that the age group can be ascertained from middle to higher that is from 40 to above 65 years of age. This particular segment would be the appropriate choice as the target patients for the intended medical facility owing to their age group. The individuals belonging

Indigenous Tradition Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Tradition Essay In the past people have mistaken about their tradition Indigenous originality or occurring naturally (country, region etc) To be indigenous kinship (relation to one another) and location(connection of particular place) Indigenous religion beliefs, experience and practices concerning non-falsifiable realities of people who have kinship and location Syncretism: Syncretism merging of elements from different religions. Eg : north American tradition have been influenced by Christianity, some African rituals are influences by Islam. * Change occurs everywhere. * Traditions are less authentic (accurate) than thousands year ago Indigenous can be found anywhere: * Anishinaubae: drumming ceremony in Toronto * Yoruba: Funeral rites in London * Maori: Purification ritual in opera house Sydney Australia Misconceptions * Common to Indigenous traditions is colonialism * Oglala (Indigenous community) – a theorist explained them as â€Å"warriors without weapons basically they were incapable to adapting a new economy lifestyle they focused on how to make them â€Å"modern Indians† * Outsider lack insider knowledge. * Scholars often used terms such as fetish, myth, mana, taboo to explain Indigenous traditions. * Eg â€Å" Indigenous stories are called myth where the bible is considered to be true. Primitive Cultures that are unchanged from the beginning primitive Christians, who believed in god and their tradition, had superiority and began to spread their religion to who didn’t know about gospel Indigenous traditions are tend to think more primitive Due to non-literate * But writing to not better than oral speaking * Mayan did use writing * Most Indigenous people are very literate. Indigenous tradition are tend to think more primitive – consider everything to be sacred (untrue) * Eg : Navajo : ceremony that transforms normal house into a scared place. So everything such as eating, sleeping is considered to be sacred. * Australian aborigine knows where to pray(know the difference between sacred and non sacred mountains) Primitive term is now disagreeing by many scoloars Mohawk and Cree (Dr Clare Brant) Mohawk: Indigenous traditions who give more food to their guest to show their wealth. Cree: Indigenous tradition who eat all the food offered to show scarcity. These two traditions did not go well together and this shows that Indigenous traditions are different from each other. Another point is that we see other cultures according to our own cultures. Gender roles: * Male: hunting and warfare * Female: healing and food preparation * Maori carvers were men and weavers were women. Bunu men frow cotton and women turn it into clothes. * Sometimes the roles switch just like other traditions * Usually religions practices are different for men and woman too. Power of speech Oral speaking is very imp for Indigenous traditions things are passed down oraly. Many people think oral primitive (untrue). Both Quran and Bible was passed down orally before written into text Stories : After life : * Kewa: a man finds a tunnel where his dead people wre living together and they gave them many things and asks him not to speak of it. When he goes and tell everyone about the tunnel, he breaks the promise and when he returns the tunnel is gone. * Anishinaubae : young man fiance died, and he go on a journey to find her and when he found her , he returns home heartbroken, keeping his promise. * These stories tell us about importance of relationships tell us about how we should live than about dying Writing stores often â€Å"fixed in time†. Trickster: * Considered as â€Å"culture heroes† because they are the central figures in many stores * Usually shape shift usually into animals * Can change genders sometime biological and sometime just clothes changing * Outer form is reflected into infidelity * They can appear as fools, selfish, kind, scandalous etc. * Usually driven by self interest alone * Trickster stores show us how we should behave and how we should not * The stories often explain the origins of world and connect to a community more deeply. * Embodies the extremes of humanity: human weakness and strength Practice (rituals). Indigenous tradition rituals are very similar to our traditions * Rituals remind us on what is imp in our life. * In religious terms, rituals, communicate some ways with gods, ancestor and spirits. * Rituals are roots in the human needs and relationship Rituals : * Every rituals varies * Usually involves food Muslim and Jews have specific food eating habits * Many Buddhist set food portions aside for ancestors * Anishinaubae put small amount of food for the spirits * Some rituals are more complicated * Such as marriage, death, birth * Sometimes these rituals mark transformation and sometimes they help to bring the transformation about. * Indigenous tradition rituals serve in some ways to recreate some aspects of the world, order and life Journey: * Going on a journey/quest: rites of passage * Journey to a new place is where a transformation occurs. * The person returns home with physical change, such as tattoo, scar or a body part to symbolize their new self. * Pondos: moved into a special hut to become sacred healers- if they go into town before they must be covered in white * White usually symbolize the color of transformation in Africa * Anishinaubae vision quest – yong man travels far away from home only with water and be completely alone. Then late he become a â€Å"adult man† and comes home with food and the ritual is complete . Sacrifice Mel Gibson: sacrifices in Indigenous traditions are vey common Bear sacrifice: raise a young cub, and raise it for two day and kill it. Head is emptied and filled with flowers and then the animal is cooked and eaten. They think that the bear is the gold’s spirit and they see it as freeing the spirit. Sun dance : dance till days and community provide support. Some sun dance involves sacrifice . the pole and lodge are buil to show the creation of the world Nuer : sacrifice ox for healing. Xhosa : when a woman fall ill the community gathers and kill a cow and do many rituals. This is due their thinking that the ancestor or spirit is angry with the women. * above rituals shows the involvement of community even though there is sacrifice involved. * The rituals ultimately brings people together * Sacrifice like rituals create order and meaning * Those rituals join people to the past and respond to current situation Cultural Expression What you see is not always what you get Art in Indigenous traditions is aout relationship objects are coonected to people Weaving : * Intertwine and connect * Weavers work together , helping one another , passing knowledge. * Shows bonds among people Maori Tradition : * All weavers are female * A girl is said all about weaving more said more discouraged if people saw true commitment then they let the girl into whare pora(caretakers of the weaving) * Whare pora have rules no sex before dying, no food allowed during weaving, special garment should be weaved during the day and not strangets can view the weaving * Traditional colors : black, red and white * Sacred thread is sewed on all garments to show the bond Underlying cloth : * Clothing declare who we are and how we fit into social fabric * Has two side : can hide much as it reveals and help us create a public face * Lady gaga : he masks and clothes hide part of her but also reveals her identity that she wishes to show * Special clothes are associated with imp rituals * Bunu : believes that the special clothes are kind of womb, enveloping the body as like a fetus is being born. Clothing only wears it does not die old cloth is replaces by new, as old spirits is reborn Spirit basket : * Oldest arts * In pomo community men makes the heavy basket for hunting and fishing * Women were responsible for religious baskets. * Mable mckey : was a traditional healer in pomo community and famous basket weaver in the world. Masks : * Masks are used in imp rituals wedding , funerals, hunting celebration etc * Masks are ment to ring spirit into the community lesser deities (gods) * Mask represent certain animals does not mean they worship the animal * Epa mask in Yoruba community extremely heavy show the strength require to dance with the mask and enter the adult hood with responsibility. * Carvers are usualy male Totem poles : * Very specific to each communities * Function of totem poles also varies in each tradition. * Meaning varies serve as a supporting structure or grave makers and other as a symbol for power * Most also tell stories such as historical, achievements and religious * Grizzly bear at the base holding a human represents self-preservation or survival. Moko * Maori carvings are less likely to be displayed outside the original physical context * Moko tattoos * In the beginning the women were only allowed tattoos around their lips and chin where men can have tattoos all over their face * Moko story remind the Maori people their ancestor and importance of meeting ones obligation and treating one another with respect Ancestoral House. * Marae Maori religious and social home. Site of wedding , funeral, celebration. * Authority is held by community elders where they use the space to pass n traditions, stories and arts, carving, weaving. * If the artist when wrong painting the place, they could be put to death. * Location is very imp it must be located in a place where the previous generation carried out the religious and social activities. * Whare Whakairo physical form which represents the body of the ancestor * The building is divided into body parts of the ancestor Three points and Shrine : * Some traditions are very plain, harder for an outsider to see * Three issues : * Most rituals are performed outside * Think bout the function of religious structures that are used in the rituals * What you see is not often what you get * Mbari shrine : represents the founder of the community, a great healer and was forced to flee because they were attacked by another community. Elder stands her to protects the shrine all the time. * The guard signify the change modern development Hogans * Navajo Hogan traditional living space as well as the site for many rituals. * It is the site for daily activities and some are religious and some are not * Before new Hogan is occupied a song is performed. * Known as Blessing way ceremony four divining earth, mountain woman, water woman, corn woman also the song speaks everyday things * According to them world is structure – Hogan All these things symbolizes: * Link btw past and present * Btw community and place * Btw our world and world of spirits Colonialism * Colonialism process where people from one place maintain a settlement in another and to the effects of people who were already there. * Changes include – subjugation or removal , new laws, social practices and new economy. * Power and profit are factors that drive colonialism. * Religion is also one of the reason Colombus : * He destroyed a community Arawaks * He wanted to tell him where the gold was people who gave him gold were left alive and people who didn’t were killed(by cutting hands) * Then he realized that the most valuable are the people, so he sent them back to Europe by the boat land. Genocides : * 20 million African were taken as slave and only 11 million returned * 96% od aboriginals were dead in Australia * factors of depopulation : military action, torture, starvation, suicide and slavery. * More aboriginals are killed when the Americans want more land Masters of continent : * As settler population growed the indigenous population reduced less friendly for land * Terra nullius no ones land was the phrase that European settlers used no owner ship primitive – they do not count as people Conversion : * Many converted to different religion due to colonialism * In Indonesia indigenous tradition is not recognized by lay so all are counted as muslim Loss of religion : * Europeans tried to convert them into chistianity rarely worked * Europeans used military strengeth and religion â€Å"our people is tronger because our god is stronger â€Å" * Missionaries. * Also sometimes the colonial government made the indigenous religion illegal * Eg : potlatch and sundance was made illegal ? Die to the felf harm and economic hardship is potlatch(poverty) * Colonialism lead to patriarchy The potlatch : * Feast that are hosted by a family and hosting family presents the guests with gifts * Demonstrate hospitality and redistributing wealth. Loss of language : * Colonialism language disappeared forever * 20 languages extinct * when communities died, the languages died with them * children’s were forbidden to speak their own languages â€Å"Stolen generation† Loss of Land: * Many religious and indigenous land were taken and was destroyed * Two problems that non-indigenous people had: * Very common belief, no specific belief and are mostly about practice * Religion such as Christians can pray anywhere but indigenous people had to pray at a specific site Identity : (the sympols of indeginous people in sports) * Cleveland Indians play at Atlanta braves : it’s a reminder of ongoing colonialism that has been taken from the indigenous people. * Indigenous oriented names : â€Å"eskimo pie† to market the products evoke a primitive stereotype that is best suited for the product.

The Press In Mauritius

The Press In Mauritius Introduction For the health of democracy, access to information is really essential. In any democracy, citizens have the rights and responsibilities to participate in public matters. Knowledge about a society is obtained through free debates, newspapers, magazines, television and radio. All these are possible when there exist a free and independent press. In all democratic countries, freedom of the press has been a treasured right. Press freedom is a pillar of democracy  [1]  . Often, the press is referred as the fourth pillar of a country  [2]  . Such freedom should be free from interference of the state. The preservation of the freedom of the press may be done through constitutional or legal protections. In the present chapter, the definition and the importance of the press freedom will be analyzed first. Then, the evolution and development of the written and audio-visual press in Mauritius will be examined before considering the constitutional foundation of the freedom of the press of the country. Section 1: Freedom of the press Definition of Freedom of the Press Everywhere in the world, the meaning of press freedom differs. Different countries possess different degrees of freedom of the press  [3]  . This suggests that freedom of the press is not absolute in the world  [4]  . In universal terms, defining freedom of the press is difficult. Various definitions to freedom of the press have been attributed by different scholars and in many text books. Lieberman (1953) defined freedom of the press as the right to serve, without government interference and with police protection, and the most fundamental right of freedom of information  [5]  . As for Dennis and Merrill (1996), freedom of the press is the right to communicate ideas, opinions, and information through the printed world without government restraint  [6]  . For both authors, the right to share information and no government intrusion is among the main elements of this freedom. For other scholars, free press is an independent adversary  [7]  performing the function of watchdog preventing the State from aggrandizing and abusing the rights of its citizen. Freedom of the press is not only the right of media; it is the right of the citizens also. Going back to history, in 1791, freedom of the press was legally guaranteed by the U.S Constitution, congress shall make no lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦abridging the freedom of speech or of the pressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [8]  . Freedom of the press was recognized by the National Assembly of France in the Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This freedom was considered to be a fundamental right in Europe and in the United States. In 1948, the United Nations declared it a universal right and adopted Article 19 of the UDHR  [9]  . Freedom of the press is derived from the fundamental right of freedom of information. The latter is a human right and the touchstone of all the freedoms. It implies the right to gather, transmit and publish news anywhere and everywhere without fetters  [10]  . The rights to seek and to disseminate information are of particular importance to the press. Along with freedom of information, freedom of expression also plays an essential role in press freedom. In Hossenbaccus v. Le Mauricien  [11]  , it was held that Freedom of expression is fundamental. It is an essential instrument for the advancement of knowledge and must indeed be well guarded to enable the press to fulfill its social obligation to inform the public. Freedom of expression comprehends the freedom of propagation, publication and circulation of ideas  [12]  Ã‚  [13]  . Freedom of circulation and distribution of the matter are also included in press freedom. So freedom of expression and freedom of press are in tertwined. The Importance of Freedom of the Press Press freedom is considered as the most important freedom by informal writers, jurists and political philosophers  [14]  . Freedom of the press has always been the most effective instrument for the functioning of a democratic society. It helps in human development and good governance. The role that press freedom plays in our society will determine its importance. An independent media sector acts as watchdog on the government, holding it accountable to the public as well as helping citizen to have a better knowledge on political choices. It focuses on social problems and also provides a public forum, for several voices in public debate. On behalf of the public, the press serves as a watchdog to avoid government wrongdoings. Government officials are not always accountable and transparent to the people. So the fourth estate investigates in the States records to examine and evaluate, and hold the officials accountable for their actions. The press keeps the public officials responsible to the public as they are expected to serve them  [15]  . In countries like Taiwan, Brunetti and Weder, free press has helped in reducing corruptions  [16]  . There are eight purposes that the press should look forward in a democratic society: supervision on the political environment, determined agenda-setting, floors for a responsive and illuminating advocacy, channel for dialog on various range of views, safeguarding the rights of citizen and ensuring they are heard, inducements for people to be involved, respecting the citizens and promoting equality  [17]  . However, these goals often have to face obstacles. In a democratic society, the citizens need to be well-informed in order to make and exchange opinions on the actions of government officials and the elected representatives. A central purpose of press freedom is to build up an educated and well-informed electorate  [18]  that will form opinions on public maters and on their political leaders. Politicians also will have the opportunity to comment on the publics opinion. Thus, everyone will participate in a free political debate which is a core concept of a democratic society  [19]  . Freedom of the press is important in the way that the liberty of the press is essential in arousing public spirit and this can be used against the ambition of autocratic authority; this is apparent with independent newspapers because they have a tendency to be aware of public discontents and changes. In short, press freedom acts as an agency which controls arbitrary power. A free press can be said to be a market of ideas  [20]  which helps people to evolve, mobilize and form new ideas in the public area. For the working of democracy, public criticism is fundamental  [21]  . Section 2: Evolution and Development of the Written and Audio Visual Press in Mauritius 2.1 Written Press The history of the printed press in Mauritius can be traced back to 1767 with the first printing materials which Pierre Poivre introduced in the island. One year after, the Imprimerie Royale was created. However, the oldest printing was claimed to be an almanac printed in 1457. Isle de France, now known as Mauritius, was among one of the first colonial countries, which owned a newspaper industry. On 13th January 1773, Nicolas Lambert issued the first newspaper Annonces, Affiches et Avis Divers Pour Les Colonies des Isles de France et Bourbon. As the chief editor was a Government officer and the newspaper was printed by the Government press, this shows that the issue was barely a free one. The second newspaper started in 1786 under the name Journal des Isles de France et de Bourbon by two young lawyers named Durrans and Brun. This one was absolutely literary compared to the third paper, Journal Hebdomadaire de la Colonie, issued in 1791, which was partly political. On the 5th January 1792, the Colonial Assembly published two weekly papers, one which contained the minutes of its proceedings and its administrative committee. This one was known as Journal des Assemblà ©es and the other one as Gazette de Isle de France which contained public notices, advertisements and the other matters of public interest. The first political paper was lObservateur which appeared only in 1816. Nearly one thousand newspapers and magazines have appeared namely Annales des Modes des Spectacles et de Littà ©rature Rà ©crà ©atives, Dà ©dià ©es aux Dames  [22]  but most of them had a short life-span. There was censor on the press in the colonies at that time. Article XI  [23]  of the decree of human rights provided that La libre communication des pensà ©es et des opinions est lun des droit les plus prà ©cieux de lhomme. Tout citoyen peut donc, parler, à ©crire, imprimer librement (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). This was attempted by the French revolution to put an end to censor. During the English colonization, Adrien DEpinay was the first one to bring Freedom of the Press to Mauritius. In 1832, He was the first one to use the freedom by publishing Le Cà ©rnà ©en. It was the oldest French white-owned newspaper and it survived until 1982. Another landmark in the history of the press is the publishing of La Sentinelle. It was founded by Rà ©my Ollier, a coloured man, in the 1950s. The coloured ownership of the media helped this community in legitimizing their rights in the colonial times. The term coloured changed to the label Creole and in 1920s, a creole family took over Le Mauricien, a white-owned paper which was established in 1908. As from the 1960s, newspapers like Action and LExpress  [24]  were introduced and at that time, the Mauritian press modernized and international standards were adopted. Techniques like reports and personal enquiries were brought in. They are nowadays the bedrock of every press whether written, spoken or visual. Between 1832 and 1973 the general format of newspapers was four pages with mostly advertisements. In the local news, there were parliamentary meetings of the Government and of the sole Municipality of the island, Municipality of Port Louis. From this it can be understood that parliamentarians, mayors or politicians were head of the publishing houses. Today, Lexpress changes to 24 pages as compared to before it were only 4 pages and for Le Mauricien it is 48 pages as compared to earlier it was 16 pages. They are the daily papers one in the morning and the second in the afternoon. Nowadays we have Le Dà ©fi Quotidien which is a daily paper also. There are also a number of w eekly papers in Mauritius such as, 5 Plus Dimanche, Bollywood Massala, LExpress Dimanche, Le Dimanche/LHebdo, Le Dà ©FI Plus, Le Matinal, Samedi Plus, Week End , Star and Sunday Times. A number of papers in oriental languages were also published. Anjuman Islam Maurice was the first one which appeared on 1st March 1883 firstly. Mirza Ahmode was the founder and the paper was published in Hindustani and Gujurati. From 1906 to 1914 a weekly paper, LIslamisme appeared in French, Gujurati, and Urdu. The eminent Indian lawyer, Manilall Maganlal Doctor, launched The Hindustani on 15th March 1909 in English and Gujurati. Mauritius Arya Pratika was edited by Pandit Acshinath Kistoe from 1924 to 1940 and it appeared in English and Hindi. From 1929 to 1973 two papers appeared namely Arya Vir and Zamana with the last one which was launched in 1948. They appeared in English, Hindi, French and Tamil. On 11th August 1932, Chinese Daily was launched and it was the first daily Chinese paper. Then the China Times came in 1953 by Long Siong Ah Keng. Other Chinese language papers were launched; Chinese Newspaper (1953-1975), Central Daily News (1960-1967), The Mirror and LAurore. The evolution of the written press has been noted in terms of availability, varieties, content and style of reporting. With changes like technology, nowadays papers are printed with the use of computers as compared to before where printing was done in led. As seen above, there was only reporting about news, local and abroad, only. Nowadays, a number of articles have been introduced in the press like editorials on sports, women and children. Concerning accessibility, a wide range of newspapers and magazines are available on the market, locally. Each one differs from each other in order to capture a maximum of readers. Newspapers is said to be our key companion in our everyday life and it will continue to be so. 2.2 Audio Visual Press The press is not limited to written only; there is the audio visual press. Audio visual plays a great role in communication. It was on the 9th of August 1927 that Mauritius experienced its first radio broadcasting, which was done by Charles Jollivet. It was then called Radio Maurice. The station was situated in Beau Bassin and later moved to the Plaza Theatre in Rose hill. Music and news were broadcasted for only 2 hours every day. In 1937, a second station came into existence under the name Socià ©tà © des Radiophilles by Mr P.Adam. It was located at Mr. Adam residence in Forest Side and later transferred to the Town Hall in Curepipe. The station was used to transmit message to the members of the Socià ©tà © mainly. At the beginning of the 2nd World War in 1939, these two stations were controlled by the British Ministry of Defense. Information that was broadcasted was done locally only. By the end of the 2nd World War, another station was set up in Curepipe Town Hall under the aegis of Radio France Libre DOutremers. This station was merged with Socià ©tà © des Radiophilles and this gave birth to the national broadcasting station as from 1st July 1944 under the name Mauritius Broadcasting Service (MBS). The studio was situated in Plaza, Rose Hill until 1946 when the station moved to Pasteur Street, Forest Side. As from 2011, MBC was transferred to Moka. After the radio, the TV broadcasting was introduced on a pilot basis on the 8th June 1946 as the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC). The inaugural broadcast was launched on 8th February 1965 with a transmission of about 3 hours every evening. The MBC was set up in order to build a sense of nationhood and for islanders to welcome independence (that change in 1968). The first outdoor TV live broadcast was on the royal visit of Princess Alexandra in 1968. Later, in 1973, the process of black and white television occurred. During that year, news editor were engaged to record press conference and other local events. On 7th November 1987, television was welcomed in Rodrigues and the duration of 3 hours changed to 13 hours daily. In the 1990s, the two main channels  [25]  were implemented. Liberalisation of broadcast media was done in 2002 and this gave the Mauritian audience the choice between the MBC and three other private radios. Radio One was launched on 13th March 2002, Radio Plus on 13th April 2002 and Top FM on 31st December 2002. The MBC radio now consists of 7 stations; RM1, RM2, Kool FM, Taal FM, World Hit FM, Best FM and Music FM. The MBC has evolved in digital switchover, thematic channel (Knowledge channel, Movie channel, Tourism and Culture channel) and language channel (Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Telegu and Mandarin). Mauritian audiences nowadays have a variety of information and different coverage and views of the same stories. Throughout history, the Mauritian press has gained a lot and more is expected to come with, the liberalisation of television channels in the forthcoming years. Section 3: Constitutional Foundation of Freedom of the Press Mauritius has a written constitution in which certain fundamental rights are guaranteed as specified in Chapter Two of the Constitution. Of these, Section 12 relates to freedom of expression. It would be useful to refer to the text of these causes of section 12 at once: (1) Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference, and freedom from interference with his correspondence. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Compared to countries like the U.S.A, there is no separate provision guaranteeing the freedom of the press in our constitution. Our supreme court has held in Duval v The Commissioner of Police  [26]  and in London Satellite Systems Ltd. V State and ors  [27]  that freedom of the press needs not to be mentioned separately as it is already in the guarantee of freedom of expression. The latter comprehends the freedom of propagation, publication and circulation  [28]  . The scope of press freedom is circumscribed by the interpretation given by S12 because there is a link between freedom of press and freedom of expression. The arguments for and the limitations upon both freedoms should be compatible. For instance in Cie de Beau Vallon Ltà ©e v Nilkomol  [29]  it was held that freedom of expression referred to, (in the Constitution), cannot override legally established norms to which it is subordinated and which must be respected: the use of words like public order, public morality and rights and freedoms of others. The same applies to press freedom in the press industry. Fundamental Rights and Freedoms that are found in our Constitution are modeled on the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and our Section 12 was borrowed  [30]  from its Article 10  [31]  . The rights of privacy and free expression are treated as fundamental rights having equal status. According to this view, the two rights must be proportionate. One will not inevitably trump the other  [32]  . Freedom of the Press rests on the same cornerstones as Freedom of Expression. It can be argued that there is simple iteration since protection of freedom of expression is already been catered for in our Constitution. This can give rise to the introduction of a separate press clause in our Constitution. Under Mauritian Law, press freedom gives journalists a right to obtain information from private sources on a voluntary basis only. The press cannot compel citizens to release information about themselves which they are unwilling to disclose. A separate press clause may provide this privilege.

The Effects of Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Global Climate Ch

The Effects of Global Warming Some of the most drastic effects of global warming contain: rising global temperatures which are expected to raise sea level and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It also could possibly affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our National Parks may be permanently altered. Most of the United States is expected to warm, although sulfates may limit warming in some areas. Scientists currently are unable to determine which parts of the United States will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils. Unfortunately, many of the potentially most important impacts depend upon whether rainfall increases or decreases, which can not be reliably projected for specific areas. As mentioned above, global warming also has great effect on crops and weather conditions around the world. The northern hemisphere contains more land area than the southern hemisphere, and conversely, a lower percentage of the world's oceans. Since oceans absorb more heat than land areas, it is not surprising that most climate models predict faster heating over the northern hemisphere than the global average. In addition, models predict faster temperature increases at higher latitudes. If global warming trends continue, high temperatures everywhere in the US may reduce US agricultural productivity. Northern continental areas are projected to ... ... climate, the easier to spread diseases. In northwestern South Carolina, lower stream flows, lake levels and groundwater levels could effect the availability of water to industrial, municipal and recreational activities, thus affecting the agriculture because more and more groundwater would have to be used thus increasing the chance of saltwater getting into the ground water and so on†¦ so were pretty much screwed. South Carolina is unique in that it is dominated by an ecosystem that provides an important habitat for many endangered and threatened species, of which I will not get into because this is Chem.16 and not Bio.16, nevertheless, the rise of the sea-level under a changed climate could effect and threaten SC’s low lying coastal ecosystem and reduce and danger geography and wildlife habitats of South Carolina.

Facility & Venue Management Essay

1.0 Design Context. The Currumbin Surf Life Saving Club (SLSC) as a whole is a well-designed multi storey local club, due to its modern but ‘beachy’ looking design traits, which reflects the surrounding up market area perfectly. The club has a capacity to seat around 200-250 guests from its sports bar to dining area. The club is situated in a prime spot right on top of Currumbin rocks resulting in undisrupted views of the Gold Coast. 2.0 Design Analysis 3.1 External Design Features. The club is constructed with concrete with the exterior of the club consisting of 3 colour blocks white, light tanned brown and dark green (representing Vikings). From the car park only the side of the building can be seen with top half Light tanned brown and bottom dark green. This colour scheme that can be seen from the car park does not look welcoming, as it is dark, boring and bold. From the beach and the ocean the whole club can be seen utilising the white paint on the external area where there is open plan windows and large balcony. The Surf Club site is on Currumbin beach with the club structure expanded on top of the rocks giving the club a competitive edge over most other clubs as it the closest to the surf and has undisrupted views of the coastline. Joined to the club is a large tall rock called ‘Elephant Rock’ which has been utilised quite strategically as a look out, which is another unique asset for the club. Apart form this large natural structure the surrounding space is undisrupted as the houses and shops are across the road from the beach. The general area of the site consists of the club, the car park and the rock lookout. The design aspects of the space outside are very minimal as the building resides on the beach so it is unsuitable for any large scale landscaping or gardens. The footpaths leading to the building join up and match the Council beach footpath ensuring that it flows. Large signage is erected on the entrance of the car park so incoming traffic can easily see what the building is also on the side of the building a large mural is painted of the ‘Currumbin Vikings’ logo. The location of this surf club is as close to the ocean any club could get which makes it a massive draw card for their members and guests. Though its position is appealing being so close to the ocean puts the surf club in a situation where the club is prone to adverse weather conditions such as cyclones, large swells and dangerous winds ultimately impacting on the structural integrity of the club. The car park is outside is maintained well as it must stand all the elements including tidal surges. The space has a capacity to fit around 50 cars also public parking within 100m. The club is situated along one of the Translink bus routes and has frequent services running north and south. Alternatively the clubs free shuttle can be utilised within a 5km radius (Currumbin Beach Vikings S.L.S.C) making it very accessible. The club is situated on the 2nd level with the main entrance above a set of fairly large stairs, which makes it impossible for special needs guests to ascend. The club has installed an electronic chair lift for people with special needs but to get to the chair lift there is no wheel chair ramp, they must be lifted up a smaller flight of stairs (5) making the chair lift impractical. 2.2 Internal Design Features. The internal design of the venue is quite spacious with the service areas situated on one side and bar tables and dining tables situated on the other side leading out to the open balcony giving all guests a view of the ocean. The interior is white in colour giving it a modern look; whilst they haven’t taken away the surf club feel utilising floor tiles with a sandy coloured wash giving the club a nice ‘beachy’ texture. The social facilities offered at the surf club consist of administration area, designated food ordering area and cafà ©, bar/drink service area, dining area, live sports entertainment area, gaming room (pokies) and toilets. The food ordering area is situated at the far end of the service area with the food menu situated in the middle of the club on a pole away from the ordering area so guests must look first then go up to order which causes congestion. The bar is quite large with 2 service areas with huge selection of beers and spirits also showcasing a wine selection area. The bar has a nice marble counter, which is complimented with a sleek scattered tile design. The sporting entertainment area is large with large flat screen and smaller screens with keno available. The gaming room is separate to the club and is accessed by a door to ensure under 18’s cannot enter. The manner in which the service counters have been positioned on one side of the venue has given the club more control over the club regarding guests and congestion within the club by creating a free flowing walkway between the service areas and tables allowing guests to easily walk in and out with out causing major congestion. Signage stating the exits within the club also ensures that guests are aware of their surroundings. The area in which guest can dine consists of inside with open plan windows looking towards Burleigh/Surfers Paradise and out on the balcony looking out to the ocean. As the club is on the beach night temperatures can be cool so adequate heating is available with gas stoves out on the balcony and heating inside. The balcony has large stationary umbrellas hanging down so guests are out of the direct sunlight but still utilising the natural light. As the club has the up stair function room it allows the club to be much more flexible and provide services to cater for new trends. This room also allows the club to create and have contingency plans in place to ensure that if something were to happen there would be room to cater for guests and ensure no major impacts on the club are caused. The clubs location, services and facilities give the venue a good edge in trying to obtain guests and income. The Currumbin area has a lot of cafà © styled restaurants so there is competition in the area making it important for the club to host events. The club hosts live local and national music acts every weekend (Currumbin Beach Vikings S.L.S.C), promotional days and the Vikings has nippers on during the summer so through out the year the club has various events to cater for all guests ensuring that the club is capturing as much income generations as possible. On inspection the club had no signs of vandalism, which showcases the clubs identity within the Currumbin community as being their local Surf Club. 3.0 Develop and Evaluate Solutions. 3.1 Problem: Colour Scheme of Building facing car park. The solutions established to enhance the front facing wall consist of firstly repainting the wall to coincide with the rest of the club or secondly creating a mural reflecting the beach and Vikings to put on the wall. The strengths of these solutions would help to improve the appeal of the club to members and the general public also giving the building a new and different vibe. The main weakness in regard to changes of the building would be member’s inertia to change as they associate the colours with the building. This problem is ranked number 1, as it would be easy and feasible for the club to adopt. 3.2 Problem: Building Site Prone to Adverse Weather Conditions. As this problem is of a natural nature it makes it difficult to create effective solutions but ensuring the right precautions are taken when preparing for the storms would be imports and monitoring these events would be a vital element in minimising damage also. These solutions will help to ensure that as little damage is done to the venue as possible also gives decision makers of the venue the ability to take quick action and increase protection if events are predicted to worsen. This problem is ranked number 4 in terms of relevance and feasibility, as it is hard to determine how severe the events may be. 3.3. Problem: Electronic Chairlift Situated above a Flight of Stairs. In order to fix this issue would be essential to construct a platform to join the electronic chairlift to the ground level or build a wheel chair ramp. The importance of this solution it would ensure that all guests are able to enjoy the services available at the club also it would help to improve relationships with these guests. The weaknesses to this solution consist of the construction would affect the entrance to the club and also the cost would be large. This problem is ranked number 3 due to the cost associated with the change. 3.4 Problem: Food Menu is not Clearly Visible.  The easiest and most effective way to fix this problem is to replace the current menu area or add to it by installing a menu board above the ordering area also complementing it by placing a menu board at the entrance of the venue. This will allow guests to easily see what is on the menu whilst waiting in line easing congestion and also gives general passers by an ide of what the club has to offer. The weaknesses could be the managers do not wish to have the men’s displayed in this manner also there would be a cost with fitting the structure. This problem is ranked number 2 as it is an easy fix and the costs would be minimal.

Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Example

Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Example Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Why Did Nationalism Prove Such an Unstoppable Force Under Gorbachev Essay Under Gorbachev nationalism proved an unstoppable force that precipitated the collapse of the Soviet Union. Nationalism had always existed across the Union but it was allowed to surface and become a problem under Gorbachev predominantly because of his tactical mistakes and because of his reform programme. Nationalism became an unstoppable force because of the deprivation in many Soviet republics. The economic reforms of perestroika were designed to rejuvenate the weak Soviet economy and put it on par with western economies. However, McCauley wrote that economically, perestroika was an abject failure resulting in economic decline, shortages, large budget deficits and rising inflation (1998, 265). By 1990 the economy was in such a poor state that many people in the republics argued that greater autonomy or independence was necessary to protect their economies from collapsing (Walker, 1993, 182). Economic reforms continually failed to give the republics either ownership or managerial control over natural resources or fixed assets on their territory. Yeltsin, who was a popular nationalist campaigner, often complained that even Russia owned just fifteen percent of its resources in 1990 because they were largely controlled by the Soviet Union (Walker, 1993, 178). As perestroika developed, there was a growing belief that the only way to reform the economy was to move away from the centrally planned economy and rely more on market mechanisms. These reforms seriously damaged the Soviet Union because it was taken for granted that state property was the bedrock of a socialist system (McCauley, 1992, 91). The CPSU was legitimised by the fact it was leading the Soviet Union forward to socialism but the economic reforms were clearly not socialist. The existence of the Soviet Union relied on the legitimacy of the CPSU, which was now rendered illegitimate by economic reforms. McCauley wrote, the CPSU was the institution which provided the glue which kept the whole system together. No alternative institution was set up to replace it. One of Gorbachevs failures was that whereas he destroyed the old system, he did not put a new one in its place (1998, 269). Without legitimacy it was almost impossible for the CPSU to hold the Soviet Union together, when there were strong nationalist movements in the republics, who derived legitimacy from popular support. Gorbachev attempted to give the CPSU a new basis of legitimacy in the form of electoral accountability. However the elections were a success for nationalist movements and only consolidated their position and authority shifted further from the centre to the republics. The newly elected republican legislatures claimed greater legitimacy because they were more representative and so refused to be subordinate to federal power (Walker, 1993, 179). The elections boosted the confidence of the nationalist movement and many became increasingly radical. For example, a war of laws began. Republican legislatures changed many federal policies and laws and refused to implement federal orders unless they would benefit the republic (Walker, 1993, 181). Glasnost was a key part of Gorbachevs reforms. In Russian, glasnost literally means openness and Gorbachev believed that a relaxation of censorship and oppression was needed so vital new ideas could come forward to benefit the Soviet Union. However, glasnost contributed greatly to the collapse of the Soviet Union because it unleashed nationalist forces. Firstly, this is because, people were finally shown the ills of the Soviet Union. Walker wrote the mediawhich had always painted a rosy picture of society, began to fill up with horror stories (1993, 137). Terrible stories about the actions of Lenin and Stalin were released and investigative journalists such as young televisions producer Nerzorov, revealed the dire situation the Soviet Union was currently in (McCauley, 1992, 101). Secondly, glasnost removed cultural oppression and allowed nationalist feelings that had always existed to emerge. Across the Soviet Union there was enormous cultural diversity and only a weak common identity. People were finally allowed to say that they wanted their state to be based on a cultural community and that people of the same community should rule it, which fundamentally undermined the idea of the Soviet Union ruled by the CPSU from Moscow (Sakwa, 1998, 279). People were able to organise themselves into nationalist movements and put strong collective pressure on the Soviet Union (Daniels, 1993, 125). Thirdly, the Congress of 1989 dealt a huge blow to the Soviet Union because it gave nationalist tensions an incredibly public platform. This would not have been possible before glasnost. McCauley wrote the old practice of an official line, carefully agreed speeches, and unanimous approval were gone forever (1992, 101). The arguments highlighted how fragmentation of the Soviet Union and the problems with it. The Congress was extremely significant because the Soviet public paid so much attention. Kiernan wrote the nation sat virtually hypnotised in front of its televisions as an unprecedented political spectacle was played out daily (1993, 218). Nationalism and resentment of the Soviet Union was compounded by a series of outbreaks of violence, which ended in Soviet troops killing people in the republics. Gorbachev was indirectly responsible for the killing in Baku, Tbilisi, and Vilinius. He advocated the violence but was shocked at the loss of life (McCauley, 1998, 274). These incidents could not just be swept under the carpet with glasnost. It was clear that Gorbachev had lost control in an unprecedented way for a General Secretary of the CPSU. This strengthened nationalist feeling because people started to seek a new coherent leadership and people were no longer as afraid of defying Gorbachev. This is exemplified by the Gorbachevs swing to the right in the summer of 1990 to consolidate his position (Walker, 1993, 183). Gorbachev made numerous enemies because of his reforms, or by replacing people in power, such as members of the Politburo and the Secretariat. He was continuously attacked and criticised to the point that a coup was staged in 1991 (McCauley, 1998, 92). Many of the people Gorbachev alienated also expressed their dislike by supporting nationalist movements (for example, Yeltsin). They knew that if they destabilised the Soviet Union they would weaken Gorbachevs position. There were external factors that gave rise to nationalism in the Gorbachev era. Firstly, many western states, including most importantly the USA, helped nationalist movements gain greater influence by giving them resources. For example, nationalist movements in the Baltic covertly received printing presses from the USA to enable them to mass produce their nationalist newspapers and pamphlets. Secondly, the new freedoms allowed under glasnost allowed the Soviet public to see that life was far better in the mixed economies of the West. Nationalism became more popular as people in the Soviet republics lost faith in the Union and felt that they could have a better standard of living if they were self-determined (Sakwa, 1998, 288). Finally, it is even alleged that Reagan started a new arms race with a renewed military build-up in the 1980s because he knew that the Soviet economy was weak and could collapse under the strain. This would have added to the deprivation in the republics and sti mulated nationalism (Heywood, 1997, 148). One of Gorbachevs biggest failures as Soviet leader was to almost ignore the national question. He embarked on a massive programme of economic and political reform but failed to address the significant impact this would have on the federal structure of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev failed to appease nationalist with concession and so radicalised them. Initially most nationalists called for greater freedoms, however, when Gorbachev failed to listen to their calls they moved towards wanting secession (Walker, 1993, 174-5). Nationalist movement across the republics of the Soviet Union were very different. They varied greatly in the tactics they employed and the pace at which they moved. This is demonstrated by the numerous differences between nationalists in the Baltic and Central Asia. Nationalist movements in the Baltic tended to be more radical than in Central Asia. It was Baltic nationalists that first challenged the authority of the Soviet Union with declarations of sovereignty. They were the first to discuss secession and the first to secede (Daniels, 1993, 126). Baltic nationalists were also far more protective of their ethnic identity and against, what they saw as, Russian imperialism. Daniels wrote in the extreme case, to protect their ethnic identity, the Baltic republics have tried to deny equal rights of citizenship to Russians and others who may actually have been born there and lived there all their lives (1993, 135). The radicalism in the Baltic republics is understandable in the light of the fact they were only incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940 as a result of the Nazi-Soviet Pact (Walker, 1993, 117). In the 1980s, people in the Baltic could still remember the Soviets colluding with the Nazis and treating their nation like a commodity. This is very different to Central Asia, where many of the Soviet states had been part of a Russian-centred empire for at least one-hundred years (Daniels, 1993, 135). Central Asian republics also benefited economically from being in the Soviet Union. They tended to have weak economies and received a net inwards flow of resources as a result of being part of the Union (Walker, 1993, 180). The opposite is the case in the Baltic republics because they were some of the richest and most developed in the Soviet Union. Their bitterness at being part of the Soviet Union was compounded by the net outflow of resources (Muiznieks, 1995, 21). Nationalist movements in Central Asia did not have the ambition or the scope of those in the Baltic republics. They tended to be more concerned with local projects that directly influenced them, whereas the Baltic republics became the battleground over the fate of the Soviet Union. Muiznieks wrote nationalist movements in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania not only destroyed the structures of Soviet power in their own republics, but exported their revolutions to other areas of the Union as well (1995, 3). This is because nationalist movements in the Baltic believed that their interests would be best served by helping unleash nationalism across the Soviet Union. They also were driven by ideology to a greater extent than nationalist movements in Central Asia. The movements in the Baltic were committed to the belief that peoples should have the right to self-determination. They attempted to find allies in other Soviet republics and if they could not find some they would proactively try to cr eate some. They did this by stirring up nationalist agitation with the numerous publications and radio stations they established. Once nationalist feeling had grown, prominent activists were often sent out to help nationalist movements grow by offering practical assistance (Muiznieks, 1995, 7-8). Even if nationalist movements across the Soviet Union did not directly collude with those in the Baltic republics, there are numerous instances (for example Belorussia, Moldavia and the Ukraine) of movements importing the methods and goals of Baltic movements (Muiznieks, 1995, 11). The Baltic movements were also very influential because the Baltic was the most westernised part of the Soviet Union and managed to maintain some links with the West, and therefore contact with or emulation of the Balts might have been perceived as enhancing ones own western orientation (Muiznieks, 1995, 20). Nationalist movements in Central Asia were not as influential as those in the Baltic because they concentrated more on local disputes. They did not provide a model that was compatible with many of the republics of the Soviet Union because they were predominantly Islamic. Some animosity existed with the Christian majority across the Soviet Union. The model provided by movements in Central Asia was also much less appealing because of the violence and involvement of the Soviet military. In comparison the Baltic model was much less dangerous (Muiznieks, 1995, 20-1). In conclusion, Gorbachevs reforms, primarily perestroika and glasnost, proved to be an absolute disaster for the Soviet Union because they compounded nationalist feeling and allowed it to be expressed openly. Gorbachev crucially failed to address the national question although he had unleashed. By the time he had realised there was a serious problem, he no longer had the power to rectify the situation. Therefore, it is fair to blame Gorbachev for letting nationalism become an unstoppable force.

The eNotes Blog 4 Texts That Prove Comedy is Important inLiterature

4 Texts That Prove Comedy is Important inLiterature The ancient Greeks were the first to distinguish between â€Å"tragedies† and â€Å"comedies†- a distinction we keep to this day. They also deemed tragedy the â€Å"higher† form of storytelling, because it can impart moral messages and deliver much-needed catharsis, the release of repressed emotions. This idea that dramatic storytelling is a â€Å"superior† art form has prevailed throughout history and is still predominant among critics today. Just look at the gravitas afforded to â€Å"serious† actors versus their â€Å"comic† counterparts. When was the last time a comedy won Best Picture? Despite this, a lot of evidence suggests that the quickest way to our heads and hearts is through our funny-bone. Comedy uses humor to connect readers or audiences with their humanity. Far from cheapening great stories, comedy is in some ways more honest than stories that rely on drama and drama alone. By allowing ourselves a sly chuckle or a deep belly-laugh, we are confronted with the wonderful, hilarious absurdity of what it means to be human. Want to see what I mean? Let’s look at some of the best literary comedies ever printed. 1. Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog) Author: Jerome K. Jerome Read time: 2 hours 6 minutes Genre: Novel Similar to: My Man Jeeves by P.G. Wodehouse â€Å"What the eye does not see, the stomach does not get upset over.† This 1889 novel is a humorous retelling of a two-week boating holiday on the Thames. Its characters include Jerome (based on Jerome K. Jerome himself) his two friends, George Wingrave and Carl Hentschel, and Jerome’s dog, a fox terrier named Montmorency. While the novel was first intended as a serious travel guide, the hilarious anecdotes and witty banter shared between the three men steal the show. Despite being published over 120 years ago, Three Men in a Boat is far from dated and continues to be a   source of relevant and delightful humor for modern readers. 2. The Canterville Ghost Author: Oscar Wilde Read time: 42 minutes Genre: Novella Similar to: Other comedies by Oscar Wilde- try The Importance of Being Earnest â€Å"We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, language.† In this novella, Wilde mixes the Gothic supernatural with his signature razor-sharp wit to create a narrative as funny as it is absurd. The story follows a quintessentially â€Å"modern American† family as they discover their new house is haunted by the ghost of Sir Simon de Canterville. The Otis family is surprisingly unfazed by their houseguest: the adults take a pragmatic approach to rid themselves of the ghost, while the children amuse themselves by playing practical jokes. Sir Simon is thus transformed from the frightening apparition of traditional Gothics into a laughable, absurd figure, made pathetic by his continued, fruitless attempts to frighten the Otis family. The novella provides commentary on the interplay between â€Å"Old World† England and â€Å"New World† America and a hilarious subversion of typical supernatural tropes. 3. Twelfth Night; or What You Will Author: William Shakespeare Read time: 5 hours 37 minutes Genre: Play Similar to: Try Shakespeare’s other comedies Much Ado About Nothing, Taming of the Shrew, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. â€Å"Better a witty fool, than a foolish wit.† While A Midsummer Night’s Dream may be Shakespeare’s most well-known comedy, I’d wager that Twelfth Night is the funniest. It follows the story of Viola and Sebastian, identical twins of different sexes,who were separated by a shipwreck. Predictably hilarious hijinks ensue, including a disguise, a love triangle, and many mix-ups. If you are searching for a break from Shakespeare’s bleak, corpse-ridden tragedies, then Twelfth Night’s narrative, complete with raunchy absurdity and trademark punning, may indeed be the play for you. 4. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Author: Mark Twain Read time: 44 minutes Genre: Short Story Similar to: Other Mark Twain works, like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. †To me, the spectacle of a man drifting serenely along through such a queer yarn without ever smiling, was exquisitely absurd.† Have you ever been stuck in a long, boring conversation? Ever been on the receiving-end of a rambling story, waiting desperately for the conclusion? This is the premise of â€Å"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,† the short story that launched Mark Twain’s prolific writing career. In the story, the narrator becomes the reluctant audience for a rambling, long-winded tale involving two men, a bet, and a couple of jumping frogs. If you are seeking a quick read and a light-hearted chuckle, then this is the story for you.

U.S. History AP essays

U.S. History AP essays Though Britains policy of salutary neglect before 1750 influenced the development of Americas legislative assemblies, its commerce, and religion, those three aspects were affected differently. Salutary neglect created diverse commerce in America through the Triangular Trade, which contributed to the shipments of smuggled goods. Three individuals, Jacobus Arminians, John Edwards, and George Whitefield, supported the Great Awakening, which causes major changes in religion due to salutary neglect. The legislative assemblies that were mainly affected from salutary neglect were the new ideas of creating different parliaments with the increased amounts of political freedom, and the new ideas of self-governing, which was cherished above other rights by many Americans. Commerce in America was greatly altered from salutary neglect. The Triangular Trade originally was a trade strictly consisting of 3 parts; from North America, ships carrying rum were transported to Africa in return for slaves. With the slaves bundled up in tight quarters on ships, they would sail back to the colonies or to the French West Indies, where sugar and molasses could be traded for the slaves. The sugar and molasses would now go back to the colonies, to be manufactured into rum to be sent out to Africa again. Smugglers had a hard time of taking their goods that were not approved by an English official. But since salutary neglect was in effect, the Navigation Acts were not being enforced as heavily as it has been. Also, ignoring the mercantilism restrictions on the colonies would have not been a good idea if it had not been for salutary neglect. Outgoing ships had the ability to go to other countries and continents such as the French West Indies without getting caught and be heftily fined or have their goods taken away. Officials were becoming less-competent and more bribe-effective. They would do a less than sufficient job of keeping an eye...

Why has gift exchange been an important topic for anthropology Essay - 2

Why has gift exchange been an important topic for anthropology - Essay Example Nevertheless, one of the means by which anthropology can draw meaningful inference based upon the similarities that exist between otherwise different and diverse groups. For instance, anthropology has long been focused upon social customs relating to marriage and the means by which individuals pledged themselves to another, or to a specific religious union, throughout much of their lives. Within the modern world, this construct is no as marriage. However, marriage is not the only shared anthropological similarity that exists throughout almost all cultures. Indeed, there are many cultures that have been studied throughout the course anthropological research that do not indicate such a union to have existed. As such, using marriage, or a similar construct, to draw inference upon all people and to measure cultures and other differentials based upon it is an inherent flaw. Within such a dynamic, the analyst can come to appreciate the importance that gift giving, both as a norm and has a behavioral complement of culture and society, has come to be regarded as a fundamental least common denominator that exists between peoples. Whereas differentials with respect to gift giving have been denoted by a litany of different anthropologists, the similarity and practice and form that exists within almost each and every culture or group that has thus far been analyzed is one of the reasons why this particular practice is of such profound importance towards understanding human society and the means by which evolutionary culture has shaped the globe. One of the most famous anthropologists to approach the issue of gift giving is that of James Laidlaw (Whitehouse & Laidlaw, 2007). The underlying purpose for this particular scholar being referenced within the beginning of this study is contingent upon the way in which he sought to define the four basic criteria that gifts represent; seemingly regardless of the culture in which

Those Winter Sundays Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Those Winter Sundays Poem - Essay Example The entire first stanza paints a very clear picture of the scene. The father â€Å"put on his clothes in the blueblack cold, / then with cracked hands that ached / from labor in the weekday weather made / banked fires blaze† (2-5). Words such as ‘blueblack’ evoke images of the pre-dawn morning just before the first light begins to lighten the sky from the pitch dark of midnight. Associating this immediately with the word cold causes one to think of the bone-chilling emptiness of space, the physical pain of crawling out of a warm bed while half-dressed. This image is compounded by the idea of his cracked hands due to his age and accustomed chores, which cause his hands to be exposed to the elements on a regular basis. In case there was any question, the author even states outright that the father’s hands ached, and yet he dragged himself out of bed before anyone else to make sure that the fire was going well to warm the house before anyone else needed to get out of bed. This scene is reinforced by the imagery of the second stanza in which the narrator describes the breaking up of the cold as if it were the breaking up of the river ice. It is heard â€Å"splintering, breaking† (6) until the house finally becomes warm enough for the children to be called from their beds. This imagery presents the dedication of the father in ways that simply stating the father’s love wouldn’t do. This imagery is coupled with the use of contrasts to make the meaning of the poem clear. After describing the tender scene of the father getting up in the terrible cold in order to make the house warm, the narrator talks about his fears getting out of bed in the warmth the father has provided. â€Å"slowly, I would rise and dress, / fearing the chronic angers of that house† (8-9). While the father gets up to a bitter cold, the child rises to fears of too much heat. Throughout the poem, it is made clear that

Critical review of classmates' reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical review of classmates' reports - Essay Example There are two types of compassion that Dalai Lama discusses. One type of compassion is concerned with a sense of concern for other which only involves the sense of sentiments or feeling of concern. The other type of compassion is concerned with not only the sense of sentiment but also the responsibility to do something. The two types of compassion can be explained through an example of a businessman who has lost all his fortune through fraud. In the first type of compassion, a person only sympathizes with the businessman but in the second type of compassion, a compassionate person would help that person get back on productive business by giving him advice or material help. The second type of compassion should be included in virtue, deontological or utilitarian ethics as it promotes productive compassion. There are two types of competition discussed by Dalai Lama. The first type of competition is the one where a person competes in order to progress and reach the top level. This type of competition is positive. Another type of competition is negative where a person competes in order to become top be creating obstacle to the other people involved. For example, an employee can work hard and learn the loopholes of the company so that he is able to strategically work to deliver high quality results which will result in his promotion. This is positive competition. On the other hand, another employee may use schemes such as bad-mouthing and corruption in order to be promoted. It is very true that one is able to be very busy on one level and at the same time, on deeper level, be in a state "of composure and calmness." This is because the cognitive level can be very engaged in deep state of mind while the emotional state of mind remains very calm and composed. For example, I have experienced this state of composure and calmness in a working environment with

Labour Laws Application Practice and Implementation Coursework

Labour Laws Application Practice and Implementation - Coursework Example In order to understand an employee’s right to imply law and regulation, to place an appeal against unfair dismissal, a case will be studied thoroughly. Lastly, the paper aims to study the maternity rights which are granted to the employees and how they accommodate in the present society. Background to the Context: Employment law has been considered as an integral area of law which has received imperative attention from international law as well. As evident from the provisions associated with the Employment Act, there are many guidelines, obligations, rights, and criteria for different cases and their consequences on both for the employee and the employer. Since there is an increased number of obligations, it has become a complexity for both the parties to implement relevant provisions in their respective cases. It should be noted that employment law is being practiced in almost every country of the world with their alliance to international labor law (Barnard, 2006). Part 1 (a ) Rights of Employees under Section 1- Employment Particulars During the period of employment, the employee and the employer both should be aware of their rights and authorities. i. Sub- Section 3 and 4: Where on one hand, it is important for the employer to have complete information and trust of the employee; ii. CONT: it is also very significant for the employee to know what his rights are and to know what he can claim in the case of a conflict with his employer. Employment Rights Act of 1996 clearly defines these situations for both of them. The section 1 of the law deals with the employment particulars and the employment statement. This section of the law is a kind of guideline for the employee to know what his rights are during employment and at the time of termination fair or unfair so they get to know what sort of word and conditions to expect from the tribunal in case of any breach from the employer(Barnard, 2006) Subsection 1 of Section1 states: Where an employee begins emp loyment with an employer, the employer shall give to the employee a written statement of particulars of employment† (Gavin Mansfield, 2011, p. 581) Under the statement of particulars of the section 1 subsection 1 of the Employment Rights Act of 1996, any employee is provided with a statement of particulars when he starts any job (Section 1, sub section1). 1 The subsection 2 of section 1 further explains the subsection 1 stating that: The statement may (subject to section 2(4)) be given in installments and shall be given not later than two months after the beginning of the employment (Gavin Mansfield, 2011, p. 581)† The statement of particulars must be given to the employee within eight weeks of the start of his employment (Section 1, Subsection2). Subsection 3 & 4: i. The section 1 of the law basically deals with this statement of particulars, the details and the terms and guidelines for the deal between the employer and the employee. ii. The statement has a list of thin gs entitled, from the name of the employee and the job description to the salary wages and its payment schedule (Section 1, Subsection3 & 4). As stated in the clauses of the Subsection 3 & 4: 3- â€Å"The statement shall contain particulars of: (a) the names of the employer and employee, (b) the date when the employment began† 4- â€Å".

Basic Video Streaming Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Basic Video Streaming Problems - Essay Example However, there are several drawbacks related to the concept of video streaming. Video streaming has its limitations on the internet because internet does not give any surety of any fixed bandwidth, delay or packet loss. It works on a â€Å"best effort service† (Apostolopoulos et al. 2002). These are considered to be variable factors that change with respect to the quality of internet connection. There have been many researches carried out over the years to induce more reliability and consistency in video streaming. These three issues are discussed in detail: As stated earlier, the bandwidth between two nodes is variable and might not be known. This variability causes problems in the traffic flow from one point to the other (Wu et al. 2001). If the sender sends data at a rate which is faster than the available bandwidth then congestion and low quality streaming is resulted. On the contrary, if the sender sends data at a rate which is slower than the available bandwidth then the receiver decodes a sub-optimal video quality (Apostolopoulos et al. 2002). A strategy to overcome this problem is to ensure a bandwidth that is acceptable to both the nodes; this can be done by estimating the available bandwidth and striking a balance between the estimated bandwidth and video bit rate transferred over the link. The degree of this issue varies from packet to packet. The variation in the delay of every packet depends on its respective queues on different routers. If there exist some variations in the end-to-end delays then it is known as delay jitter (Apostolopoulos et al. 2002). The main reason behind this problem lies in the fact that the receiver is designed to decode and thus display frames at a certain rate. Some frames may arrive at the receiver late due to this delay jitter; this can create a problem at the receiver because he is programmed to decode the frames at a certain rate. These late frames will cause jerks in the display of

Early Modern Europe, Paradise Lost by Charles Milton Essay

Early Modern Europe, Paradise Lost by Charles Milton - Essay Example ddle of the action, telling the tale about how Satan fell, and then proceeding on to recreating different components of epic action such as the recollection of a previous golden world and the fantastic depiction of a battle, which in itself is an epic on its own. In Book IX, the epic tragedy is recounted. It is in this part wherein epic components are reordered (as what happened in many parts of the tale to suit specific thematic requirements) in such a way that underscores the Christian cultural purposes, specifically about transcendental concerns instead of the secular. For example, the reader is made to â€Å"listen† to Satan’s famous monologue. The soliloquy reflected clearly his state of mind and provided for an excellent prelude to an extensive discourse on the religious theme of man’s fall from grace and universality of such condition as demonstrated in the manner which angel fell as well. This device – the lyric and discursive genres - has been emb edded in various parts of the narrative and engages the reader when Milton wanted to depict a religious point such as an individual’s personal struggle. Milton used tragedy to underscore Christian purposes as well. For instance, the reactions to the Fall reflected the Aristotelian conception of classical tragedy wherein the plot involved a drastic change in the protagonists fate from happiness to misery. This device is particularly effective in Milton’s depiction of a Christian heroic protagonist. In lines 13 through 48 of Book IX, for instance, it was stated that true heroism is not about military greatness or some courtly grandeur. The Fall provided an excellent backdrop to underscore the idea that heroism can be had in man’s spiritual struggle. There is the Christian reference to the phrase â€Å"of patience and heroic martyrdom,† [32] which would be repeated through Books X-XII. Milton rejected the well-beaten path in epic narration by celebrating the ideal individual as well as his relations with

Labour Laws Application Practice and Implementation Coursework

Labour Laws Application Practice and Implementation - Coursework Example In order to understand an employee’s right to imply law and regulation, to place an appeal against unfair dismissal, a case will be studied thoroughly. Lastly, the paper aims to study the maternity rights which are granted to the employees and how they accommodate in the present society. Background to the Context: Employment law has been considered as an integral area of law which has received imperative attention from international law as well. As evident from the provisions associated with the Employment Act, there are many guidelines, obligations, rights, and criteria for different cases and their consequences on both for the employee and the employer. Since there is an increased number of obligations, it has become a complexity for both the parties to implement relevant provisions in their respective cases. It should be noted that employment law is being practiced in almost every country of the world with their alliance to international labor law (Barnard, 2006). Part 1 (a ) Rights of Employees under Section 1- Employment Particulars During the period of employment, the employee and the employer both should be aware of their rights and authorities. i. Sub- Section 3 and 4: Where on one hand, it is important for the employer to have complete information and trust of the employee; ii. CONT: it is also very significant for the employee to know what his rights are and to know what he can claim in the case of a conflict with his employer. Employment Rights Act of 1996 clearly defines these situations for both of them. The section 1 of the law deals with the employment particulars and the employment statement. This section of the law is a kind of guideline for the employee to know what his rights are during employment and at the time of termination fair or unfair so they get to know what sort of word and conditions to expect from the tribunal in case of any breach from the employer(Barnard, 2006) Subsection 1 of Section1 states: Where an employee begins emp loyment with an employer, the employer shall give to the employee a written statement of particulars of employment† (Gavin Mansfield, 2011, p. 581) Under the statement of particulars of the section 1 subsection 1 of the Employment Rights Act of 1996, any employee is provided with a statement of particulars when he starts any job (Section 1, sub section1). 1 The subsection 2 of section 1 further explains the subsection 1 stating that: The statement may (subject to section 2(4)) be given in installments and shall be given not later than two months after the beginning of the employment (Gavin Mansfield, 2011, p. 581)† The statement of particulars must be given to the employee within eight weeks of the start of his employment (Section 1, Subsection2). Subsection 3 & 4: i. The section 1 of the law basically deals with this statement of particulars, the details and the terms and guidelines for the deal between the employer and the employee. ii. The statement has a list of thin gs entitled, from the name of the employee and the job description to the salary wages and its payment schedule (Section 1, Subsection3 & 4). As stated in the clauses of the Subsection 3 & 4: 3- â€Å"The statement shall contain particulars of: (a) the names of the employer and employee, (b) the date when the employment began† 4- â€Å".

Early Modern Europe, Paradise Lost by Charles Milton Essay

Early Modern Europe, Paradise Lost by Charles Milton - Essay Example ddle of the action, telling the tale about how Satan fell, and then proceeding on to recreating different components of epic action such as the recollection of a previous golden world and the fantastic depiction of a battle, which in itself is an epic on its own. In Book IX, the epic tragedy is recounted. It is in this part wherein epic components are reordered (as what happened in many parts of the tale to suit specific thematic requirements) in such a way that underscores the Christian cultural purposes, specifically about transcendental concerns instead of the secular. For example, the reader is made to â€Å"listen† to Satan’s famous monologue. The soliloquy reflected clearly his state of mind and provided for an excellent prelude to an extensive discourse on the religious theme of man’s fall from grace and universality of such condition as demonstrated in the manner which angel fell as well. This device – the lyric and discursive genres - has been emb edded in various parts of the narrative and engages the reader when Milton wanted to depict a religious point such as an individual’s personal struggle. Milton used tragedy to underscore Christian purposes as well. For instance, the reactions to the Fall reflected the Aristotelian conception of classical tragedy wherein the plot involved a drastic change in the protagonists fate from happiness to misery. This device is particularly effective in Milton’s depiction of a Christian heroic protagonist. In lines 13 through 48 of Book IX, for instance, it was stated that true heroism is not about military greatness or some courtly grandeur. The Fall provided an excellent backdrop to underscore the idea that heroism can be had in man’s spiritual struggle. There is the Christian reference to the phrase â€Å"of patience and heroic martyrdom,† [32] which would be repeated through Books X-XII. Milton rejected the well-beaten path in epic narration by celebrating the ideal individual as well as his relations with

How are adults presented in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

How are adults presented in Romeo and Juliet Essay There is a large difference between youths and adults in Romeo and Juliet. The adults often make emotionally driven decisions, often ones that go back on what they have previously said. An example of this is Lord Capulet, who changes his mind on the marriage of his daughter. This drastically changes the plot of the story and could have been the reason for the death of Romeo and Juliet. They see the world in a different light to the youths. The younger men in the Montague and Capulet families love to fight, and would happily insult the other family in order to start a fight. However, Lord Capulet, and maybe Lord Montague, is less happy to begin the fight, although he would try to join in, like in act one scene 1. Lord Capulet says tis not hard. I think / for men as old as we to keep the peace and later on in the play he also compliments Romeo by calling him a virtuous and well-governed youth. Capulet and Montague could have ended a feud, which was started by their ancestors ancient grudge breaks to new mutiny. You do not find out what Lord Montague thinks about the feud, only that Capulet thinks that Montague has the same opinion as he. Later in act 1 scene 5 Capulet gets very angry with Tybalt for wanting to start a fight with Romeo. Capulet expects Tybalt to obey him, as he is the master of the house. When Tybalt still refuses to give in to Capulet, his multi faceted side comes out. Capulet changes from arguing to Tybalt Marry, tis time to complementing the guests Well said, my hearts! and then back to arguing with Tybalt. Lord Capulet loves his daughter very much. In act 1 scene 2, when Paris asks for Juliets hand in marriage, Lord Capulet tells him that Juliet is too young, but he can start to court Juliet and in 2 years, they may marry. You can tell that he cares about Juliet because he says that Paris may only marry if Juliet agrees, An she agreed within her scope of choice, / Lies my consent and fair according voice. This is surprising for a patriarchal society and where the daughter has to do what the father says. When Lord Capulet says that Juliet is too young to marry Paris he makes a indirect reference to his wife. And too soon marred are those so early made who we later find out married Lord Capulet when very young. Lord Capulet changes after Tybalt dies. Maybe because he loves Juliet so much he wants to help her, but instead he makes her life worse. He tries to cheer her up -believing that she cries over the death of Tybalt- by moving the date of the wedding forward to three days time Thursday. When Juliet refuses to marry Paris, lord Capulet becomes very violent, and shows another side of himself. He threatens to hit her and says unworthy as she is, that we have wrought / So worthy a gentleman to be her bride? He goes on to say that he was cursed when she was born, and then insults the nurse by calling her a mumbling fool! The nurse is used as comic relief in the play. She is bawdy and comes from a lower class than the majority of the rest of the cast. Simply the fact she is from a lower class makes her slightly funnier, and she often jumbles up her words I desire some confidence with you and speaks in prose. She gets on better with Juliet than Lord or Lady Capulet, and so Juliet confides in the nurse. The nurse is loyal and caring but very bawdy. However, when Juliet needs her most, the nurse turns away from Juliet, and changes her loyalty by saying I think you are happy in this second match, She goes on to say that Romeo is no longer there so she has to marry Paris. This is shocking because you believe that the nurse was always on Juliets side, In act 1 scene 3, the nurse talks about Juliet when she was a little girl, and of many slightly rude tales of Juliet. These stories horrify Lady  Capulet, but the audience find them funny. It shows the difference between the nurse and Lady Capulet, and their different upbringings. The nurse knows more about Juliet than her own mother The nurse brings a lot of tension into the balcony scene, because she keeps calling Juliet inside. You worry that she may come outside and ruin Romeo and Juliets romantic moment. But it also brings an element of comedy to it, because it annoys Romeo and Juliet, and you imagine in your head how she would act if she did come out and see Romeo and Juliet on the balcony, confessing their love. The nurse adds a bit of tension in act 2 scene 5 when Juliet is waiting to find out what Romeo has said about their marriage. She will not tell Juliet what Romeo has said, and even though the audience already know what has been said, they are still concerned in case something terrible has happened. When Lord Capulet is insulting Juliet about her marriage to Paris, the nurse stands up for Juliet, even when Capulet attacks the nurse verbally. This may be when the nurse has a change of thought, and decides the marriage between Juliet and Paris is a good thing.

Domestic Architecture In Northern Nigeria Cultural Studies Essay

Domestic Architecture In Northern Nigeria Cultural Studies Essay Vernacular architecture can only be described as architecture without architects. It is merely in response to a particular individual or community needs, in the sense that buildings designed and built by individuals who according to local climate and culture of a particular community. Study of vernacular architecture explores the characteristics of the local buildings in the district or area, and many factors are social and cultural development. Can the concept of African vernacular style of architecture through both historical trends and perspectives of the environment. While the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria live in corrugated zinc roof of a mud wall and the unit is surrounded by thick mud walls, and high for reasons of protection against invasion of foreign enemies, normad shepherd from northern Nigeria, Mali, living in temporary grass round the house time. But in Nigeria, expressed in the form of vernacular architecture, cultural influences originating from Brazil and North Africa and Europe. This forms a basis for social organization and traditional culture in the Nigerian society and the interaction between him and other influences can crystallize in the local architecture Nigeria (Adeyemi 1975 to 1976). 2.0 Issue / problem statement: Theft of modern technology in our society construction and design skills of environmentally sensitive homes. Modern architecture became more and more environmentally friendly not only to the people, but also the environment, including use of excessive energy in cooling. That is why we must return to the vernacular architecture to see how the principles can save and use the vernacular in the field of sustainable architecture. There are also around after years of materials that are environmentally friendly and in bad faith for building materials and sustainable construction methods. Search Questions 3.0: Here are some questions I would like to discuss and debate about this in the vernacular architecture in northern Nigeria. How and vernacular architecture to be in Nigeria? What is the vernacular architecture, sustainable architecture? How the vernacular architecture of interaction with the environment? How does the modern style of vernacular architecture? Does the vernacular architecture of energy efficiency? 4.0 Goals / Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out what determines the vernacular architecture and the study of how vernacular architecture has been developed over the years, and how modern architecture has adopted elements of vernacular architecture. This study will also explore and evaluate the elements of architecture and design principles that can be applied from vernacular architecture to achieve a more affordable and better provide good sustainable buildings. Objective 5.0: To explore the architectural design elements of vernacular architecture. To study the relationship between culture and vernacular architecture. To see if the vernacular architecture sustainable. 6.0 Scope: Will be based on this study on vernacular architecture in northern Nigeria, this paper will discuss the existence of vernacular architecture in Nigeria and the advantages and disadvantages. This study also brings light on the sustainability of vernacular architecture, and types of materials used in vernacular architecture, and how they interact with the culture and environment for those northern Nigeria. It will also discuss research on how the vernacular architecture influenced modern architectural style, and if the two can be combined to provide sustainable buildings is cheaper and better. 7.0 Methodology: It can describe the way in which research in terms of research philosophy that they take part, and the search strategy used and therefore the research tools used (and may be included) in order to achieve that goal the goal search (s) and trying to find a solution to this problem the research questions. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the philosophy of research in relation to other philosophies, put the search strategy, including research methodology was adopted, and displays the search tool has been developed and used in order to achieve the goal. Research will be conducted on the basis of qualitative research methods. Will combine the depth of vernacular architecture and the production of research-based information in certain cases. This approach is based on ethnographic data collection, which will work to find a particular culture environment, and how it reflects their culture in their buildings. And methods of gathering information to become a reflective journal, the study of literature, articles and analysis of documents and materials. 8.0 Literature review In practice, many scientists, when they talk about slang, meaning that age, in rural areas, and local levels. But this definition, when it set an important part of the world average, built, and also a lot of leaves outside. No vernacular architecture now? Are all the history? Are there any vernacular architecture in the city? What about the stores and warehouses, churches, warehouses, stables, workshops, and commercial areas and suburban areas, and other environments, a public place? Are not elements of natural language? Dell Upton and John Michael Flash, Common Places: Read the result in American domestic architecture (1986) Vernacular architecture is the most common term used to denote, and the tribes of farmers, indigenous, and traditional architecture. . . It can distinguish between the formal architecture, the design engineer, engineering, architectural vernacular, and between this and what can be called the Peoples Architecture. Paul Oliver, Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture in the world (1997) (1997), when we isolate from the world, many ignore the vernacular architecture and name it, we have prepared for analysis. In the long marks the transition from unknown to known. Henry Glassie, Vernacular Architecture (2000) From the Latin vernaculus means mother. Vernacular architecture is when all the exhibits the standards applicable to the original context, meaning that it can be accepted and recognized in any given society through the application of some special techniques, materials, and methods and social systems. Slang a term that referred to as a way of expression group or category (Dictionary, 2002). This is a group / class can be kind of like people, buildings and very different patterns of expression I mean, how it seems to us, and this expression pattern is different for each group or category. The language used and the mode of expression a group of people and slang for the first time to define the language in England in 1839. Refers to the colloquial dialect of the region or country and not the intellectual language and literature, or foreign. He worked in the native language and then intermittently, and receive a wider application in the 1950s (Oliver, 1997). Then came the idea in the history of architecture and mode of expression for a particular class of architecture. Architecture researchers are trying to crystallize the idea of à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹vernacular slang in different ways. Some have tried to give a specific definition in order to distinguish between the vernacular architecture of other types of architecture. There are also some definitions, which primarily features the characteristics of vernacular architecture. We can mention the most important is the definition and description of the basic characteristics or for the purpose of vernacular architecture. With the help of this information in a combination of the basic characteristics can be written in colloquial definition of architecture as vernacular architecture refers to the built form has been built from local materials using the technology available in the technical and designed to meet the needs of ordinary people in their time and place Vernacular architecture concepts developed and used for centuries by various civilizations throughout the world through trial and error, and therefore the different architectural styles, and based on local conditions. Vernacular architecture in all parts of the world is rich with ancient techniques and indigenous peoples at the beginning used to protect themselves from different weather conditions. Population survived this early in themselves by sheltering in a traditional building that has been tried throughout the ages. In the vernacular architecture, the solution is not only the climate problem, but also considered aesthetics, and function of the physical and social housing which is why design is so different in all parts of Africa. Generation to generation, provided a comfortable life housing conditions as a result of the great architect. Examples can be drawn from Africa cross sections are very good that comes from the northern part of Africa, Libya to the southern part of Afric a, and South Africa. Design has been selected or the housing structure at the beginning or settlements that things like the climate and the environment, culture, and materials. Their homes and seem to live in harmony with their environment, in other words they are sustainable. Architect responsible for building modern, and can be regarded as the person responsible for the use of the construction industry of energy available is very rare. Architects more and more and be conscious of the problem, and make progress in the design concept green and sustainable. Which has a substantial interest in architecture and community development programs in areas of vernacular architecture. This has been reinstated as the need for architectural design that works well with the climate and environment, not against, and with it the need to create more sustainable buildings. This awareness means that the new design and any renewal must be maintained. Vernacular architecture produced in the past built environment and the demands of those who responded to the destruction of the environment. This paper discusses the concept of how we can use the principles of vernacular architecture to create sustainability in building design vernacular search in Africa. 9.0 The presence of local architecture in northern Nigeria Rooted in the vernacular architecture of the city in the United States since the century old city on 15. The most remarkable that the Hausa city company also organizes a row. Architecture, especially in the mud, and fortified with oil palm. Artisan system development structure using the structure of clay to the limit, also developed the practice of using abstract art decoration. Various construction materials, which reflects the location and status, and all kinds of modern materials including concrete, stone, glass, marble, granite and other steel products are usually available. For people in traditional areas and rural areas, and the poor, the most common materials used in construction are of clay or mud. And building construction in the form of mud dry mass of the sun, and wattle and daub, or using the building blocks are called private tubali armed with palm fronds. 9.1 Architecture and the local model According to the harmony (2000) in various forms of architectural structure is a complex phenomenon and no explanation, it is not enough. All explanations are possible, however, the differences in people, a subject with a very different attitude, and ambition to respond to a variety of natural environments, as it deems appropriate. In the context of vernacular architecture, this answer varies from one place to another due to changes and differences in the interaction between social factors and culture, ritual, and economic and physical. This may be the factors and responses to change, but gradually even in the same place over time, but the lack of rapid social and cultural change. People who live in cold climate warming wood burning themselves or dispose of the membership. Can be used and those who live in hot climates, moist air currents and to minimize the effects of moisture. Children who live in areas with hot climate, dry house with a high thermal mass due to the large difference in temperature between day and night, and humidity is very low. What they have in common, and they all have chosen the correct form, using local building materials, and they are to overcome the negative effects of weather conditions. Buildings must be protected from bad weather, for example in areas with high precipitation, and brick clay, must restore almost every year with a few thin clay plaster, to protect and preserve the brick. Culture also has a significant impact on the emergence of vernacular buildings. North often adorn the building, according to local customs and beliefs, as shown in Figure 2. With the way that the use of the sanctuary, is a substantial effect on the form of construction. Family size, which shared space, and how they provide food and nutrition, and how people interact and many other cultural considerations will affect the area and size of housing. Furnishings are in accordance with their customs and beliefs of others to express their faith by the decoration and others are not. North of the influence of Islamic architecture and Egypt. 10.0 of local architecture and environment Slang is not sustainable, and will not reduce local resource if done correctly. If it is not sustainable, and they are not suitable for the local context, and can not be colloquial. Oliver, in housing (2003), and claims that vernacular architecture affected by different aspects of human behavior and the environment, leading to different forms of construction of almost every different context; neighboring village even though it might have a different approach to build and use of their home, although they may initially appear the same. Despite these differences, every building is subject to the same laws of physics, which shows that vernacular architecture is not lost, and Frank Lloyd Wright showed in the definition vernacular architecture, and with the great similarities in the structure. Vernacular can be seen everywhere in the world in different forms as affected by the people, culture, climate and materials. Local environment and construction materials can be prepared, administered by a lot of vernacular architecture. Since northern Nigeria has two types of climate, the Mediterranean and desert climate, and architecture cost near-different from the rural areas. Architectural materials, for example, identifying and using mostly clay, wood, stone grass in parts of northern Nigeria in the mud while the interior. A mud brick wall of dried mud bricks and then plastered. Usually filled with mud roof reinforced with wood or palm and then plastered with clay because heat (p2101 Oliver 1997). In northern Nigeria because of the mud, and existing and local sources, this is because this is the same building materials. Vernacular architecture reflects the use of local materials and get the tools and skills to make them. Whether nomadic or settled, such as residential or economic development will remain largely dependent on climate, soil, plants, seasons and other natural resources and phenomena. In areas rich in trees and wooden vernacular, while the area is not much wood could use mud or stone. It is believed that traditional materials and techniques for a while, substandard, or second class, while modern materials and civilized, or a symbol of wealth. Paul Oliver in (built to meet the needs of) show that vernacular architecture suffer from apathy and ignorance of history or social value, are assigned a low status housing, and so few people have seen their home natural low status. Find show that people will build what they believe, and turn them back in the native language, and look more modern architecture and superior. Any change in perception has the potential to revive interest in vernacular architecture. This perception may be due to missionaries and colonial, built in a style that reflects the wealth and power. Local population and became convinced that the availability and cost of imported materials is a symbol of wealth, and that the vernacular style of the original materials are under the required level. So far, vernacular materials last longer if used properly. May be appropriate for the work of hay will last up to 25 years, and walls built of mud bricks can be up to 70 years or more. Need to focus on Africa of the vernacular style, with modern materials used in the campaign when you need to get as much or more stable structure. There is a need to seek to understand the different soil conditions, and comes with pregnancy accounts for pole structures, mud bricks. Like many African countries struggling to solve housing problems, vernacular architecture can be an answer for building materials and proved to be expensive. 11.0 Sustainability and local architecture According Mbina (2006), and development as a human activity is a deliberate attempt by man to improve his living conditions through the use of innovative resources and smart, either the transformation of human, material and financial backwardness of the society from the state a more prosperous good life. If this is true, and can be sustainable architecture Africa? The answer is positive, but it occurs, must be about four major issues are adequately addressed because they seem to create trouble for the development as follows: 11.1 Technology and Building Materials African housing technologies and techniques are very low and so far back behind their foreign counterparts. This technology to be viable and acceptable, there must be improvement in the context of technological progress 21. History has shown the importance and effectiveness of local building materials such as stone and mud / earth, and organic products (Jolaoso 2006). This has been used in construction work in the early centuries in places like Egypt and South Africa. Have been served at a reasonable cost relative. Thus, this provides a convenient platform for further research that can be taken into account as they related to the form of vernacular architecture, shape, size, and style. 11.2 African attitudes towards the local architecture There seems to be a relatively low position, much of Africa towards the acceptance of vernacular architecture. In fact, there is a screen aesthetic of African architecture and some African and foreign audiences. It is argued here that, whatever disadvantages may be felt in this context, can be turned to advantage if a complete perspective of the environment and to create a full intellectualisation not to be known only on the screen, but can be systematically ignored. One reason that some African intellectuals is not like that vernacular architecture is the slang and not harmful to the Amour propre, but they have lost, in fact a culture of intimacy that allows them to see immediately the importance of many of the vernacular architecture, and to focus on the intellect, in the same time, for any reason, and not interested to develop the ability to estimate through intellectualisation (Bokannen 2000). 11.3 AIDS They are relatively cheap to develop sustainable vernacular architecture. Although the license, and developers need government assistance through long-term loans to support large utilities, and pay back over a long period of time (10-25 years), without any unnecessary trouble. 11.4 climatic conditions Climatic conditions play an important role in influencing the shape and style and form in architecture. Some vernacular builders pay little attention when building a house because of the lack of government attention qualifying standards. 12.0 Conclusion Vernacular architecture there for several centuries, has grown over the years through trial and error. Has been approved as this knowledge from generation to generation and has been tried and tested over the years. It has survived several vernacular structures of all types of extreme weather conditions. Can not be a common vernacular house built using clay has a life expectancy of more than 70 years. Now, with the use of current knowledge of the earth or mud as a building material, building age is far more than 70 years. Vernacular architecture once the pride and heritage to the races and different cultures in Africa, but as a result of imperialism be seen as lower status homes by those who are capable of modern building materials. This study shows how Africa has come in the architecture, and where he will. Emerging challenges of sustainability requires a revolution in design philosophy, strategies, techniques and methods of building construction, and then look back on vernacular architecture, to see how we can build sustainable buildings