Calixta As the Ideal Woman of the 1800s in At The Cadian Ball by Kate

Calixta As the Ideal Woman of the 1800's in At The Cadian Ball by Kate Chopin â€Å"Calixta would be there†¦ That little Spanish vixen.† No matter what the age, there are certain types of women who seem to capture the attention of every man in the room. In the story At the ‘Cadian Ball by Kate Chopin, the protagonist Calixta is precisely that kind of a girl. She is an atypical female of her time. The ideal woman of the late 1800’s was demure, prim and restrained. She was the paragon of prudery, modesty personified. Then there was Calixta. Calixta was everything that the idealized ‘Madonna’ of her time was not. She was boldly flirtatious, impulsive, sensuous and altogether outrageous. For all these anomalous characteristics, she is admired in a fashion. Especially since society of the time is rather homogenous and has strict guidelines for behavior. The heavy racial preconceptions of the times are also evident in this story. The only reason Calixta’s scandalous behavior is tolerated by the community is in her ethnicity. Even so, the men do not seem to mind her behavior much. The women on the other hand did not always approve. â€Å"Bon chien tient de race† She was dismissed often leniently since her mother was Spanish. It did not matter that Calixta had never been to Cuba. The fact that Spanish blood flowed through her veins was enough for the people to automatically assume she was indecent. Perhaps Calixta was influenced by these preconceived expectations. Yet despite her shocking behavior, her indecency was innocent, and deliberate at the same time. Her taunts towards Bobinot, â€Å"Mais, w’at’s the matta? Standin’ plante la like ole ma’ame Tina’s cow in the bog you!† was deliberately provocative, however it came naturally to her. Since ... ...ixta is no exception. Alcee is intriguing for her; therefore, she pursues him, with harmless trifling and suggestions. She does not feel quite right unless there is someone admiring her, since Alcee is obviously not going to do that, she decides Bobinot is better than nothing is. Calixta’s conduct directly reflects her purposes. Despite the fact that she is distinctive in personality and manner she ends up marrying Bobinot. In essence, she does what all the women do, albeit in a different manner. She does take initiative in proposing marriage. However, the point is that she gets married. In the end, regardless of her outrageously coquettish behavior, she is like all other women and want what they have; the stability and love. Thus, she marries Bobinot whom she knows loves her. Unconventional conduct notwithstanding she conforms in a fashion and obeys the rules.

Alice Munro the Found Boat Essay

At the end of Bell Street, McKay Street, Mayo Street, there was the Flood. It was the Wawanash River, which every spring overflowed its banks. Some springs, say one in every five, it covered the roads on that side of town and washed over the fields, creating a shallow choppy take. Light reflected off the water made every- thing bright and cold, as it is in a lakeside town, and woke or revived in people certain vague hopes of disaster. Mostly during the late afternoon and early evening, there were people straggling out to took at it, and discuss whether it was still rising, and whether this time it might invade the town. In general, those under fifteen and over sixty-five were most certain that it would. Eva and Carol rode out on their bicycles. They left the road-it was the end of Mayo Street, past any houses- and rode right into a field, over a wire fence entirely flattened by the weight of the winter’s snow. They coasted a little way before the long grass stopped them, then left their bicycles lying down and went to the water. ‘We have to find a log and ride on it,† Eva said. ‘Jesus, we’ll freeze our legs off. ‘Jesus, we’ll freeze our legs off’ said one of the boys who were there too at the water’s edge. He spoke in a sour whine, the way boys imitated girls although it was nothing like the way girls talked. These boys-there were three of them- were all in the same class as Eva and Carol at school and were known to them by name (their names being Frank, Bud and Clayton), but Eva and Carol, who had seen and recognized them from the road, had not spoken to them or looked at them or, even yet, given any sign of knowing they were there. The boys seemed to be trying to make a raft, from lumber they had salvaged from the water. Eva and Carol took off their shoes and socks and waded in. The water was so cold it sent pain up their legs, like blue electric sparks shooting through their veins, but they went on, putting their skirts high, tight behind and bunched so they could hold them in front. ‘Look at the fat-assed ducks in wading. ‘ ‘Fat-assed f****. † Eva and Carol, of course, gave no sign of hearing this. They laid hold of a log and climbed on, taking a couple of boards floating in the water for addles. There were always things floating around in the Flood-branches, fence-rails, logs, road signs, old lumber; sometimes boilers, washtubs, pots and pans, or even a car seat or stuffed chair, as if somewhere the Flood had got into a dump. They paddled away from shore, heading out into the cold take. The water was perfectly clear, they could see the brown grass swimming along the bottom. Suppose it was the sea, thought Eva. She thought of drowned cities and countries. Atlantis. Suppose they were riding in a Viking boat-Viking boats on the Atlantic were more frail and narrow than this log on the Flood-and they had miles of clear sea beneath them, then a spired city, intact as a jewel irretrievable on the ocean floor. This is a Viking boat,† she said. ‘I am the carving on the front. † She stuck her chest out and stretched her neck, trying to make a curve, and she made a face, putting out her tongue. Then she turned and for the first time took notice of the boys. ‘Hey, you sucks! † she yelled at them. ‘You’d be scared to come out here, this water is ten feet deep! â€Å"Liar,’ they answered without interest, and she was. They steered the log around a row of trees, avoiding floating barbed wire, and got into a little bay created by a natural hollow of the land. Where the bay was now, there would be a pond full of frogs later in the spring, and by the middle of summer there would be no water visible at all, just a low tangle of reeds and bushes, green, to show that mud was still wet around their roots. Larger bushes, willows, grew around the steep bank of this pond and were still partly out of the water. Eva and Carol let the log ride in. They saw a place where something was caught. It was a boat, or part of one. An old rowboat with most of one side ripped out, the board that had been the seat just dangling. It was pushed up among the branches, lying on what would have been its side, if it had a side, the prow caught high. Their idea came to them without consultation, at the same time: ‘You guys! Hey, you guys! † ‘We found you a boat! † â€Å"Stop building your stupid raft and come and took at the boat! ‘ What surprised them in the first place was that the boys really did come, scrambling overland, half running, half sliding down the bank, wanting to see. ‘Hey, where? ‘ ‘Where is it, I don’t see no boat. â€Å" What surprised them in the second place was that when the boys did actually see what boat was meant, this old flood-smashed wreck held up in the branches, they did not understand that they had been footed, that a joke had been played on them. They did not show a moment’s disappointment, but seemed as pleased at the discovery as if the boat had been whole and new. They were already barefoot, because they had been wading in the water to get lumber, and they waded in here without a stop, surrounding the boat and appraising it and paying no attention even of an insulting kind to Eva and Carol who bobbed up and down on their log. Eva and Carol had to call to them. ‘How do you think you’re going to get it off.? ‘ â€Å"It won’t float anyway. ‘ ‘What makes you think it will float? ‘ ‘It’ll sink. Glub-blub-blub, you’ll all be drownded. † The boys did not answer, because they were too busy walking around the boat, pulling at it in a testing way to see how it could be got off with the least possible damage. Frank, who was the most literate, talkative and inept of the three, began referring to the boat as she, an affectation which Eva and Carol acknowledged with fish-mouths of contempt. ‘She’s caught two places. You got to be careful not to tear a hole in her bottom. She’s heavier than you’d think. ‘ It was Clayton who climbed up and freed the boat, and Bud, a tall fat boy, who got the weight of it on his back to turn it into the water so that they could half float, half carry it to shore. All this took some time. Eva and Carol abandoned their log and waded out of the water. They walked overland to get their shoes and socks and bicycles. They did not need to come back this way but they came. They stood at the top of the hill, leaning on their bicycles. They did not go on home, but they did not sit down and frankly watch, either. They stood more or less facing each other, but glancing down at the water and at the boys struggling with the boat, as if they had just halted for a moment out of curiosity, and staying longer than they intended, to see what came of this unpromising project. About nine o’clock, or when it was nearly dark-dark to people inside the houses, but not quite dark outside-they all returned to town, going along Mayo Street in a sort of procession. Frank and Bud and Clayton came carrying the boat, upside-down, and Eva and Carol walked behind, wheeling their bicycles. The boys’ heads were almost hidden in the darkness of the overturned boat, with its smell of soaked wood, cold swampy water. The girls could took ahead and see the street lights in their tin reflectors, a necklace of lights climbing Mayo Street, reaching all the way up to the standpipe. They turned onto Burns Street heading for Clayton’s house, the nearest house belonging to any of them. nis was not the way home for Eva or for Carol either, but they followed along. The boys were perhaps too busy carrying the boat to tell them to go away. Some younger children were still out playing, playing hopscotch on the sidewalk though they could hardly see. At this time of year the bare sidewalk was still such a novelty and delight. These children cleared out of the way and watched the boat 90 by with unwilling respect; they shouted questions after it, wanting to know where it came from and what was going to be done with it. No one answered them. Eva and Carol as well as the boys refused to answer or even took at them. The five of them entered Clayton’s yard. ‘Me boys shifted weight, as if they were going to put the boat down. You better take it round to the back where nobody can see it,’ Carol said. That was the first thing any of them had said since they came into town. The boys said nothing but went on, following a mud path between Clayton’s house and a leaning board fence. They let the boat down in the back yard. â€Å"It’s a stolen boat, you know,† said Eva, mainly for the effect. ‘It must’ve belonged to somebody. You stole it. † ‘You was the ones who stole it then,† Bud said, short of breath. ‘It was you seen it first. † -It was you took it. † ‘It was all of us then. If one of us gets in trouble then all of us does. ‘Are you going to tell anybody on them? † said Carol as she and Eva rode home, along the streets which were dark between the lights now and potholed from winter. â€Å"It’s up to you. I won’t if you won’t. † â€Å"I won’t if you won’t† They rode in silence, relinquishing something, but not discontented. The board fence in Clayton’s back yard had every so often a post which sup, ported it, or tried to, and it was on these posts that Eva and Carol spent several evenings sitting, jauntily but not very comfortably. Or else they just leaned against the fence while the boys worked on the boat. During the first couple of evenings neighborhood children attracted by the sound of hammering tried to get into the yard to see what was going on, but Eva and Carol blocked their way. â€Å"Who said you could come in here? † ‘Just us can come in this yard. † These evenings were getting longer, the air milder. Skipping was starting on the sidewalks. Further along the street there was a row of hard maples that had been tapped. Children drank the sap as fast as it could drip into the buckets. The old man and woman who owned the trees, and who hoped to make syrup, came running out of the house making noises as if they were trying to scare away crows. Finally, every spring, the old man would come out on his porch and fire his shot- gun into the air, and then the thieving would stop. None of those working on the boat bothered about stealing sap, though all had done so last year. The lumber to repair the boat was picked up here and there, along back lanes. At this time of year things were lying around-old boards and branches, sodden mitts, spoons Hung out with the dishwater, lids of pudding pots that had been set in the snow to cool, all the debris that can sift through and survive winter. The tools came from Clayton’s cellar-left over, presumably, from the time when his father was alive- and though they had nobody to advise them the boys seemed to figure out more or less the manner in which boats are built, or rebuilt. Frank was the one who showed up with diagrams from books and Popular Mechanics magazines. Clayton looked at these diagrams and listened to Frank read the instructions and then went ahead and decided in his own way what was to be done. Bud was best at sawing. Eva and Carol watched everything from the fence and offered criticism and thought up names. Me names for the boat that they thought of were: Water Lily, Sea Horse, Flood Queen, and Caro-Eve, after them because they had found it. The boys did not say which, if any, of these names they found satisfactory. The boat had to be tarred. Clayton heated up a pot of tar on the kitchen stove and brought it out and painted slowly, his thorough way, sitting astride the overturned boat. The other boys were sawing a board to make a new seat. As Clayton worked, the tar cooled and thickened so that finally he could not move the brush any more. He turned to Eva and held out the pot and said, ‘You ran go in and heat this on the stove. ‘ Eva took the pot and went up the back steps. The kitchen seemed black after outside, but it must be light enough to see in, because there was Clayton’s mother standing at the ironing board, ironing. She did that for a living, took in wash and ironing. ‘Please may I put the tar pot on the stove? † said Eva, who had been brought up to talk politely to parents, even wash-and-iron ladies, and who for some reason especially wanted to make a good impression on Clayton’s mother. You’ll have to poke up the fire then,’ said Clayton’s mother, as if she doubted whether Eva would know how to do that. But Eva could see now, and she picked up the lid with the stove-lifter, and took the poker and poked up a flame. She stirred the tar as it softened. She felt privileged. Then and later. Before she went to sleep a picture of Clayton came to her mind; she saw him sitting astride the boat, tar painting, with such concentration, delicacy, absorption. She thought of him speaking to her, out of his isolation, in such an ordinary peaceful taking-for- granted voice. On the twenty-fourth of May, a school holiday in the middle of the week, the boat was carried out of town, a long way now, off the road over fields and fences that had been repaired, to where the river flowed between its normal banks. Eva and Carol, as well as the boys, took turns carrying it. It was launched in the water from a cow-trampled spot between willow bushes that were fresh out in leaf. The boys went first. They yelled with triumph when the boat did float, when it rode amazingly down the river current. The boat was painted black, and green inside, with yellow seats, and a strip of yellow all the way around the outside. There was no name on it, after all. The boys could not imagine that it needed any name to keep it separate from the other boats in the world. Eva and Carol ran along the bank, carrying bags full of peanut butter-and- jam sandwiches, pickles, bananas, chocolate cake, potato chips, graham crackers stuck together with corn syrup and five bottles of pop to be cooled in the river water. The bottles bumped against their legs. They yelled for a turn. ‘If they don’t let us they’re bastards,† Carol said, and they yelled together, ‘We found it! We found it! The boys did not answer, but after a while they brought the boat in, and Carol and Eva came crashing, panting down the bank. ‘Does it leak? ‘ ‘It don’t leak yet. † ‘We forgot a bailing can,’ waited Carol, but nevertheless she got in, with Eva, and Frank pushed them off, crying, ‘Here’s to a Watery Grave! ‘ And the thing about being in a boat was that it was not solidly bobbing, like a log, but was cupped in the water, so that riding in it was not like being on some- thing in the water, but like being in the water itself. Soon they were ll going out in the boat in mixed-up turns, two boys and a girt, two girls and a boy, a girl and a boy, until things were so confused it was impossible to tell whose turn came next, and nobody cared anyway. They went down the river -those who weren’t riding, running along the bank to keep up. They passed under two bridges, one iron, one cement. Once they saw a big carp just resting, it seemed to smile at them, in the bridge-shaded water. They did not know how far they had gone on the river, but things had changed- the water had got shallower, and the land flatter. Across an open field they saw a building that looked like a house, abandoned. They dragged the boat up on the bank and tied it and set out across the field. ‘That’s the old station,’ Frank said. ‘That’s Pedder Station. ‘ The others had heard this name but he was the one who knew, because his father was the station agent in town. He said that this was a station on a branch line that had been tom up, and that there had been a sawmill here, but a long time ago. Inside the station it was dark, cool. All the windows were broken. Glass lay in shards and in fairly big pieces on the door. They walked around finding the larger pieces of glass and tramping on them, smashing them, it was like cracking ice on puddles. Some partitions were still in place, you could see where the ticket window had been. There was a bench lying on its side. People had been here, it looked as if people came here all the time, though it was so far from anywhere. Beer bottles and pop bottles were lying around, also cigarette packages, gum and candy wrappers, the paper from a loaf of bread. The walls were covered with dim and fresh pencil and chalk writings and carved with knives.

How to Use the Italian Verb Piacere

The verb piacere, which translates to the English to like, is one of the most confounding to English-speaking learners of Italian. Yet, it is also an immensely necessary verb, so the bullet must be bitten. It takes merely a reorganization in the order of thinking. Who is Liking Who Think of piacere as meaning something gives pleasure to someone, or, something is pleasing to someone (piacere is intransitive and always conjugated with the auxiliary essere). When you conjugate it in a sentence, you reverse who is doing the liking and what is liked or doing the pleasing: the subject pronoun becomes an indirect object pronoun and the verb is conjugated according to what is liked rather than who, in English, is doing the liking. I like the house.The house is pleasing to me (or, the house to me is pleasing).A me piace la casa, or, la casa mi piace (or, mi piace la casa). For a plural object: I like the houses.The houses are pleasing to me (or, the houses to me are pleasing).A me piacciono le case, or, le case mi piacciono (or, mi piacciono le case). The thing or things that give the pleasure, that are liked or pleasing, are what determine the person or number according to which the verb is conjugated: They are the actors, the subjects. Other than when you are talking about people (I like you all, or they like us), generally the verb is conjugated in the third person singular (it) for an object that is singular or the third person plural (them) for an object that is plural. Infinitives—to read, to eat, to walk—are considered singular, so if what is liked is an activity, you conjugate the verb in the third person singular: Mi piace leggere; a Paolo piace camminare. Remember that you have to put the preposition a before the person to whom something is pleasing, or you need to use your indirect object pronouns. Passive, Reflexive, Reciprocal Piacere can also be used in the reflexive (mi piaccio, I like myself) and in the reciprocal (Luca e Franco si piacciono molto; Luca and Franco like each other). In past compound tenses, context, pronouns, and the endings of the past participle, which is piaciuto (irregular), are what allow you to detect which is which (remember that with verbs with essere the past participle must agree with the subject): Mi sono piaciuta molto. I liked myself a lot .Non mi sono piaciuti. I did not like them.Si sono piaciute. They liked each other. Other than the oddity of its structure, the verb follows an irregular pattern. In the table for the present tense we provide a middle step to reach the proper English usage for you to get used to the reversal of subject and object. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative An irregular presente. Io piaccio Io piaccio a Paolo. I am likable to Paolo. Paolo likes me. Tu piaci Tu non mi piaci. You are not likable to me. I don't like you. Lui, lei, Lei piace 1. Paolo piace a Giulia. 2. A Paolo piace leggere. 3. Mi piace la pasta. 1. Paolo is likable to Giulia. 2. Reading is likable to Paolo. 3. Pasta is likable to me. 1. Giulia likes Paolo. 2. Paolo likes to read. 3. I like pasta. Noi piacciamo Noi italiani piacciamo. We Italians are likable. Italians are liked. Voi piacete Voi piacete molto ai miei genitori. You are likable to my parents. My parents like you. Loro, Loro piacciono 1. Carlo e Giulia si piacciono. 2. Mi piacciono gli spaghetti. 1. Carlo and Giulia are likable to each other. 2. Spaghetti are likable to me. 1. Carlo and Giulia like each other. 2. I like spaghetti. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative A regular imperfetto. Io piacevo Da ragazzi io piacevo a Paolo. As kids, Paolo liked me. Tu piacevi Prima non mi piacevi; adesso sà ¬. Before, I didn't like you; now I do. Lui, lei, Lei piaceva 1. Una volta Paolo piaceva a Giulia. 2. Da bambino a Paolo piaceva leggere. 3. Da bambina mi piaceva la pasta solo da mia nonna. 1. Once, Giulia liked Paolo. 2. As a child, Paolo liked to read. 3. As a child, I liked pasta only at my nonna's. Noi piacevamo Nel tardo 1800 noi emigrati italiani non piacevamo molto. In the late 1800s we Italian immigrants were not liked much. Voi piacevate Una volta piacevate molto ai miei genitori; adesso no. Once, my parents liked you a lot; now, no longer. Loro, Loro piacevano 1. Quest'estate Carlo e Giulia si piacevano, ma adesso non pià ¹. 2. Mi piacevano molto gli spaghetti dalla Maria. 1. This summer Carlo and Giulia liked each other, but no longer. 2. I used to like the spaghetti at Maria's. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Present Perfect Indicative The passato prossimo, made of the present of the auxiliary essere and the participio passato, piaciuto. Because the past participle is irregular, all tenses made with it are irregular. Io sono piaciuto/a Io sono piaciuta subito a Paolo. Paolo liked me immediately. Tu sei piaciuto/a Tu non mi sei piaciuto subito. I didn't like you immediately. Lui, lei, Lei à ¨ piaciuto/a 1. Paolo à ¨ piaciuto a Giulia. 2. A Paolo à ¨ sempre piaciuto leggere. 3. Mi à ¨ sempre piaciuta la pasta. 1. Giulia liked Paolo. 2. Paolo has always liked reading. 3. I have always liked pasta. Noi siamo piaciuti/e Noi italiani siamo sempre piaciuti nel mondo. We Italians have always been liked in the world. Voi siete piaciuti/e Voi siete piaciuti molto ai miei genitori ieri. My parents liked you yesterday (when they met you). Loro, Loro sono piaciuti/e 1. Carlo e Giulia si sono piaciuti subito. 2. Mi sono sempre piaciuti gli spaghetti. 1. Carlo and Giulia liked each other immediately. 2. I have always liked spaghetti. Indicativo Passato Remoto: Remote Past Indicative An irregular passato remoto. Io piacqui Io piacqui subito a Paolo quando ci conoscemmo. Paolo liked me immediately when we met. Tu piacesti Tu non mi piacesti subito. I didn't like you immediately. Lui, lei, Lei piacque 1. Paolo piacque a Giulia quando si conobbero. 2. Tutta la vita, a Paolo piacque leggere. 3. Mi piacque molto la pasta a casa tua quella volta. 1. Giulia liked Paolo as soon as they met. 2. Paolo liked to read all his life. 3. I liked the pasta that time at your house, very much. Noi piacemmo Noi italiani non piacemmo molto in China dopo quella partita. We Italians were not liked much in China after that game. Voi piaceste Voi piaceste subito ai miei genitori. My parents liked you immediately. Loro, Loro piacquero 1. Carlo e Giulia si piacquero subito. 2. Mi piacquero molto gli spaghetti che preparasti per il mio compleanno. 1. Carlo and Giulia liked each other immediately. 2. I liked the spaghetti you made for my birthday very much. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Past Perfect Indicative An irregular trapassato prossimo, made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io ero piaciuto/a All'inizio ero piaciuta a Paolo, ma poi ha cambiato idea. At the beginning Paolo had liked me, but then he changed his mind. Tu eri piaciuto/a Tu non mi eri piaciuto finchà © non ti ho conosciuto meglio. I hadn't liked you until I got to know you better. Lui, lei, Lei era piaciuto/a 1. Paolo era piaciuto a Giulia dall'inizio. 2. A Paolo era sempre piaciuto leggere. Mi era piaciuta molto la pasta, ma non avevo pià ¹ fame. 1. Giulia had liked Paolo from the beginning. 2. Paolo had always liked to read. 3. I had liked the pasta a lot but I was no longer hungry. Noi eravamo piaciuti/e Noi italiani eravamo piaciuti subito! We Italians were liked immediately. Voi eravate piaciuti/e Voi eravate piaciuti ai miei genitori finchà © avete aperto la bocca. My parents had liked you up until you opened your mouths. Loro, Loro erano piaciuti/e 1. Carlo e Giulia si erano piaciuti alla festa. 2. Mi erano piaciuti moltissimo i tuoi spaghetti, ma ero piena! 1. Carlo and Giulia had liked each other at the party. 2. I liked your spaghetti a lot, but I was full! Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Preterite Perfect Indicative An irregular trapassato remoto, made of the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the past participle. The remoteness of this storytelling tense makes it a bit awkward with piacere. Io fui piaciuto/piaciuta Appena che gli fui piaciuta, Paolo mi volle sposare. As soon as he had liked me, Paolo wanted to marry me. Tu fosti piaciuto/a Dopo che non mi fosti piaciuto alla festa, decisi di non vederti pià ¹. After I hadn't liked you at the party, I decided to not see you again. Lui, lei, Lei fu piaciuto/a 1. Dopo che Paolo fu piaciuto a Giulia, subito vollero fidanzarsi. 2. Appena che gli fu piaciuto leggere da piccino, Paolo non smise pià ¹. 3. Appena che mi fu piaciuta la pasta ne feci una scorpacciata. 1. After Giulia had liked Paolo, they immediately wanted to get engaged. 2. As soon as Paolo liked reading when he was little, he never stopped again. 3. As soon as I liked the pasta, I ate a mountain of it. Noi fummo piaciuti/e Appena che ci conobbero a noi italiani fummo subito piaciuti. As soon as they got to know us, we Italians were liked. Voi foste piaciuti/e Dopo che vi conobbero e gli foste piaciuti, vi invitarono a entrare. After they met you and they liked you, they invited you to enter. Loro, Loro furono piaciuti/e 1. Dopo che Carlo e Giulia si furono piaciuti alla festa, li fecero sposare. 2. Appena che mi furono piaciuti gli spaghetti scoprii di avere fame e li mangiai tutti. 1. After Carlo and Giulia had liked each other, they made them marry. 2. As soon as I had liked the spaghetti I discovered that I was hungry and I ate all of them. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Simple Future Indicative Io piacerà ² Piacerà ² a Paolo? Will Paolo like me? Tu piacerai Quando ti conoscerà ² mi piacerai, credo. When I meet you I will like you, I think. Lui, lei, Lei piacerà   1. Paolo piacerà   a Giulia, senz'altro. 2. A Paolo piacerà   leggere questo libro, sono sicura. 3. Non so se mi piacerà   la pasta con il tartufo. 1. Giulia will like Paolo, for sure. 2. Paolo will like to read this book, I am sure. 3. I don't know if I will like pasta with truffles. Noi piaceremo Noi italiani piaceremo a tutti! We Italians will be liked by everyone! Voi piacerete Non so se piacerete ai miei genitori. I don't know if my parents will like you. Loro, Loro piaceranno 1. Si piaceranno Carlo e Giulia? 2.Credo che mi piaceranno moltissimo gli spaghetti che hai fatto. 1. Will Carlo and Giulia like each other? 2. I think I will very much like the spaghetti you made. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Future Perfect Indicative The futuro anteriore, made of the simple future of the auxiliary and the past participle. Another awkward tense for piacere, except as speculation. Io sarà ² piaciuto/a Se gli sarà ² piaciuta, forse Paolo mi telefonerà  . Vedremo! If he will have liked me, maybe Paolo will call me. We'll see! Tu sarai piaciuto/a Sicuramente gli sarai piaciuta! Surely he will have liked you! Lui, lei, Lei sarà   piaciuto/a 1. Chissà   se sarà   piaciuto Paolo a Giulia! 2. Domani sapremo se mi sarà   piaciuta la tua pasta. 1. Who knows if Giulia liked Paolo! 2. Tomorrow we will know if I will have liked your pasta. Noi saremo piaciuti/e Se saremo piaciuti ce lo faranno sapere! If they will like us, they will let us know! Voi sarete piaciuti/e I miei genitori me lo diranno se gli sarete piaciuti. My parents will tell me if they will have liked you. Loro, Loro saranno piaciuti/e 1. Che ne pensi, Carlo e Giulia si saranno piaciuti? 2. Gli saranno piaciuti i miei spaghetti? 1. What do you think, did Carlo and Giulia like each other? 2. Do you think he liked/ will have liked my spaghetti? Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive An irregular congiuntivo presente. Che io piaccia Cristina pensa che io piaccia a Paolo. Cristina thinks that Paolo likes me. Che tu piaccia Temo che tu non mi piaccia. I fear that I don't like you. Che lui, lei, Lei piaccia 1. Non credo che Paolo piaccia a Giulia. 2. Penso che a Paolo piaccia tanto leggere. 3. Benchà © mi piaccia tanto la pasta, mi fa ingrassare. 1. I don't think that Giulia likes Paolo. 2. I think that Paolo likes to read. 3. Though I like pasta a lot, it makes me gain weight. Che noi piacciamo Credo sia evidente che noi italiani piacciamo dappertutto. I think it's evident that we Italians are liked everywhere. Che voi piacciate Non penso che piacciate tanto ai miei genitori. I don't think my parents like you a lot. Che loro, Loro piacciano Penso che Carlo e Giulia si piacciano. Dubito che non mi piacciano i tuoi spaghetti fatti a mano. 1. I think that Carlo and Giulia like each other. 2. I doubt that I won't like you handmade spaghetti. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive An irregular congiuntivo passato. Made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io sia piaciuto/a Credo che sia piaciuta a Paolo. I think Paolo liked me. Che tu sia piaciuto/a Temo che tu non mi sia piaciuto. I fear that I did not like you. Che lui, lei, Lei sia piaciuto/a 1. Non credo che Paolo sia piaciuto a Giulia. 2. Temo che la pasta non mi sia piaciuta oggi. 1. I don't think Giulia liked Paolo. 2. I fear that I didn't like the pasta today. Che noi siamo piaciuti/e Allo spettacolo, noi italiani siamo piaciuti molto. We Italians were liked very much at the show. Che voi siate piaciuti/e Non credo che siate piaciuti ai miei genitori. I don't think my parents liked you much Che loro, Loro siano piaciuti/e 1. Penso che Carlo e Giulia si siano piaciuti. 2. Purtroppo non credo mi siano piaciuti gli spaghetti al ristorante oggi. 1. I think that Carlo and Giulia liked each other. 2. Unfortunately, I don't think I liked the spaghetti at the restaurant. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo imperfetto. Che io piacessi Cristina pensava che io piacessi a Paolo. Cristina thought Paolo liked me. Che tu piacessi Pensavo che tu mi piacessi. I thought I liked you. Che lui, lei, Lei piacesse 1. Pensavo che Paolo piacesse a Giulia. 2. Pensavo che a Paolo piacesse leggere. 3. Speravo che mi piacesse la pasta oggi. 1. I thought that Giulia liked Paolo. 2. I thought that Paolo liked to read. 3. I hoped that I would like the pasta today. Che noi piacessimo Era evidente che piacessimo a tutti. It was evident that everyone liked us. Che voi piaceste Pensavo che voi non piaceste ai miei. I thought my parents didn't like you. Che loro, Loro piacessero 1. Temevo che Giulia e Carlo non si piacessero. 2. Pensavi che non mi piacessero i tuoi spaghetti? 1. I feared that Carlo and Giulia wouldn't like each other. 2. Did you think I would not like your spaghetti? Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive An irregular congiuntivo trapassato. Made of the imperfetto congiuntivo of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io fossi piaciuto/a Vorrei che fossi piaciuta a Paolo. I wish Paolo had liked me. Che tu fossi piaciuto/a Vorrei che tu mi fossi piaciuto. I wish I had liked you. Che lui, lei, Lei fosse piaciuto/a 1. Vorrei che Paolo fosse piaciuto a Giulia. 2. Vorrei che mi fosse piaciuta la pasta oggi. 1. I wish that Giulia had liked Paolo. 2. I wish that I had liked the pasta today. Che noi fossimo piaciuti/e Nonostante fossimo piaciuti a tutti, non ci hanno invitati a restare. Though everybody liked us, they didn't invite us to stay. Che voi foste piaciuti/e Speravo che foste piaciuti ai miei. I had hoped that my parents had liked you. Che loro, Loro fossero piaciuti/e 1. Speravo che Carlo e Giulia si fossero piaciuti. 2. Vorrei che mi fossero piaciuti gli spaghetti, ma erano orribili. 1. I hoped that Carlo and Giulia had liked each other. 2. I wish I had liked the spaghetti, but they were horrible. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional A regular presente condizionale. Io piacerei Io piacerei a Paolo se mi conoscesse meglio. Paolo would like me if he knew me better. Tu piaceresti Tu mi piaceresti se avessi gli occhi neri. I would like you if you had black eyes. Lui, lei, Lei piacerebbe 1. Paolo piacerebbe a Giulia se lo conoscesse meglio. 2. A Paolo piacerebbe leggere se avesse dei buoni libri. 3. Mi piacerebbe questa pasta se non fosse scotta. 1. Giulia would like Paolo if she knew him better. 2. Paolo would like to read if he had some good books. 3. I would like this pasta if it were not overcooked. Noi piaceremmo Noi italiani non piaceremmo a tutti se non fossimo cosà ¬ simpatici. We Italians would not be so liked if we were not so cool. Voi piacereste Voi piacereste ai miei se voi foste pià ¹ gentili. My parents would like you if you were nicer. Loro, Loro piacerebbero 1. Carlo e Giulia si piacerebbero se si conoscessero meglio. 2. Questi spaghetti mi piacerebbero se fossero meno salati. 1. Carlo and Giulia would like each other if they knew each other better. 2. I would like these spaghetti if they were not so salty. Condizionale Passato: Perfect Conditional An irregular condizionale passato. Made of the present conditional of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io sarei piaciuto/a Io sarei piaciuta a Paolo se non fosse innamorato. Paolo would have liked me had he not been in love. Tu saresti piaciuto/a Tu mi saresti piaciuto se non fossi maleducato. I would have liked you had you not been rude. Lui, lei, Lei sarebbe piaciuto/a 1. Paolo sarebbe piaciuto a Giulia se lei non fosse cosà ¬ snob. 2. Mi sarebbe piaciuta la pasta se non fosse stata scotta. 1. Giulia would have liked Paolo were she not such a snob. 2. I would have liked the pasta had it not been overcooked. Noi saremmo piaciuti/e Noi italiani saremmo piaciuti se non fossimo stati cafoni. We Italians would have been liked had we not been jerks. Voi sareste piaciuti/e Voi sareste piaciuti ai miei se non vi foste comportati male. My parents would have liked you if you had not behaved poorly. Loro, Loro sarebbero piaciuti/e Carlo e Giulia si sarebbero piaciuti in un altro momento. Gli spaghetti mi sarebbero piaciuti se non fossero stati troppo salati. 1. Carlo and Giulia would have liked each other at another moment. 2. I would have liked the spaghetti had they not been so salty. Imperativo: Imperative Note the position of the pronouns in the imperativo. Tu piaci 1. Piaciti! 2. Piacigli, via! 1. Like yourself! 2. May he like you! Lui, Lei piaccia Si piaccia! Like yourself (formal)! Noi piacciamo Piacciamogli! May he like us! Voi piacete 1. Piacetele! 2. Piacetevi! 1. May you be liked by her! 2. Like yourselves! Loro piacciano Si piacciano! May they like each other! Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive The infinitive piacere is widely used as a noun to mean pleasure. Piacere 1. Ho visto con grande piacere tua sorella. 2. Mangiare à ¨ un grande piacere. 3. Luca farebbe di tutto per piacere a Francesca. 1. I saw your sister, with great pleasure. 2. Eating is a great pleasure. 3. Luca would do anything to be liked by Francesca. Essere piaciuto L'essere piaciuto a Giovanna gli ha dato grande orgoglio. The fact that he was liked by Giovanna gave him great pride. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle The participio presente, piacente, is used to mean likable, attractive. The participio passato of piacere does not have a purpose outside of its auxiliary function. piacente Abbiamo visto un uomo piacente. We saw a very pleasing/attractive man. piaciuto/a/e/i Ci à ¨ molto piaciuta la tua mostra. We liked your show very much. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund Remember the important uses of the gerundio. Note the position of the pronouns. Piacendo Piacendole molto il vestito, ha deciso di comprarlo. Liking the dress much, she decided to buy it. Essendo piaciuto/a/i/e Essendole piaciuta molto la città  , ha deciso di prolungare la sua visita. Having liked the city a lot, she decided to prolong her stay.

Muslim Women Of Pakistan, By Tehmina Durrani s My Feudal...

A society that operates with male-dominated ideologies and mechanisms contributes to the disempowerment and subjugation of woman. This paper studies predicament of Muslim wives in society of Pakistan through institution of marriage as depicted in Tehmina Durrani’s My Feudal Lord, an autobiographical narrative. The publication of My Feudal Lord received many awards and made it exceptional and extraordinary literary work, which surfaces the issues of Muslim women of Pakistan, and is still relevant as it contributes to the feminist cause. The book is a painful account of a woman’s traumatic marriage in Pakistan, who suffers in silence for thirteen years and then decides to come out of the life of abuse and humiliation. It also highlights the hidden agency of a woman that has the potential to expose and challenge a male dominated society. Durrani’s courage, resistance and mighty pen become agents for change. These agents, along with exposition of assumed authority of debauchery and superiority of male culture assist her in dismantling established societal pattern of marriage. The process of evolution encourages her to reflect on the woes of other women in Pakistani society and the ways to counter violence, inequality and isolation in feudal trap. The paper demonstrates concerns like inequality, violence and male dominance and argues that despite caught in a patriarchal trap woman with her conviction and female agency finds a way to be heard and asserts herself in a conservative

Individual Privacy vs National Security - 5833 Words

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Prelude to Foundation Chapter 9 Microfarm Free Essays

string(73) " religion was more prominent than it is today\?† â€Å"Certainly\." MYCOGEN-†¦ The microfarms of Mycogen are legendary, though they survive today only in such oft-used similes as â€Å"rich as the microfarms of Mycogen† or â€Å"tasty as Mycogenian yeast.† Such encomiums tend to intensify with time, to be sure, but Hari Seldon visited those microfarms in the course of The Flight and there are references in his memoirs that would tend to support the popular opinion†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 41. â€Å"That was good. We will write a custom essay sample on Prelude to Foundation Chapter 9 Microfarm or any similar topic only for you Order Now † said Seldon explosively. â€Å"It was considerably better than the food Graycloud brought-â€Å" Dors said reasonably, â€Å"You have to remember that Graycloud’s woman had to prepare it on short notice in the middle of the night.† She paused and said, â€Å"I wish they would say ‘wife.’ They make ‘woman’ sound like such an appanage, like ‘my house’ or my robe.’ It is absolutely demeaning.† â€Å"I know. It’s infuriating. But they might well make ‘wife’ sound like an appanage as well. It’s the way they live and the Sisters don’t seem to mind. You and I aren’t going to change it by lecturing. Anyway, did you see how the Sisters did it?† â€Å"Yes, I did and they made everything seem very simple. I doubted I could remember everything they did, but they insisted I wouldn’t have to. I could get away with mere heating. I gathered the bread had some sort of microderivative added to it in the baking that both raised the dough and lent it that crunchy consistency and warm flavor. Just a hint of pepper, didn’t you think?† â€Å"I couldn’t tell, but whatever it was, I didn’t get enough. And the soup. Did you recognize any of the vegetables?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"And what was the sliced meat? Could you tell?† â€Å"I don’t think it was sliced meat, actually. We did have a lamb dish back on Cinna that it reminded me of.† â€Å"It was certainly not lamb.† â€Å"I said that I doubted it was meat at all.-I don’t think anyone outside Mycogen eats like this either. Not even the Emperor, I’m sure. Whatever the Mycogenians sell is, I’m willing to bet, near the bottom of the line. They save the best for themselves. We had better not stay here too long, Hari. If we get used to eating like this, we’ll never be able to acclimatize ourselves to the miserable stuff they have outside.† She laughed. Seldon laughed too. He took another sip at the fruit juice, which tasted far more tantalizing than any fruit juice he had ever sipped before, and said, â€Å"listen, when Hummin took me to the University, we stopped at a roadside diner and had some food that was heavily yeasted. It tasted like- No, never mind what it tasted like, but I wouldn’t have thought it conceivable, then, that microfood could taste like this. I wish the Sisters were still here. It would have been polite to thank them.† â€Å"I think they were quite aware of how we would feel. I remarked on the wonderful smell while everything was warming and they said, quite complacently, that it would taste even better.† â€Å"The older one said that, I imagine.† â€Å"Yes. The younger one giggled.-And they’ll be back. They’re going to bring me a kirtle, so that I can go out to see the shops with them. And they made it clear I would have to wash my face if I was to be seen in public. They will show me where to buy some good-quality kirtles of my own and where I can buy ready-made meals of all kinds. All I’ll have to do is heat them up. They explained that decent Sisters wouldn’t do that, but would start from scratch. In fact, some of the meal they prepared for us was simply heated and they apologized for that. They managed to imply, though, that tribespeople couldn’t be expected to appreciate true artistry in cooking, so that simply heating prepared food would do for us.-They seem to take it for granted, by the way, that I will be doing all the shopping and cooking.† â€Å"As we say at home, ‘When in Trantor, do as the Trantorians do.’ â€Å" â€Å"Yes, I was sure that would be your attitude in this case.† â€Å"I’m only human,† said Seldon. â€Å"The usual excuse,† said Dors with a small smile. Seldon leaned back with a satisfactory well-filled feeling and said, â€Å"You’ve been on Trantor for two years, Dors, so you might understand a few things that I don’t. Is it your opinion that this odd social system the Mycogenians have is part of a supernaturalistic view they have?† â€Å"Supernaturalistic?† â€Å"Yes. Would you have heard that this was so?† â€Å"What do you mean by ‘supernaturalistic’?† â€Å"The obvious. A belief in entities that are independent of natural law, that are not bound by the conservation of energy, for instance, or by the existence of a constant of action.† â€Å"I see. You’re asking if Mycogen is a religious community.† It was Seldon’s turn. â€Å"Religious?† â€Å"Yes. It’s an archaic term, but we historians use it-our study is riddled with archaic terms. ‘Religious’ is not precisely equivalent to ‘supernaturalistic,’ though it contains richly supernaturalistic elements. I can’t answer your specific question, however, because I’ve never made any special investigation of Mycogen. Still, from what little I’ve seen of the place and from my knowledge of religions in history, I wouldn’t be surprised if the Mycogenian society was religious in character.† â€Å"In that case, would it surprise you if Mycogenian legends were also religious in character?† â€Å"No, it wouldn’t.† â€Å"And therefore not based on historical matter?† â€Å"That wouldn’t necessarily follow. The core of the legends might still be authentically historic, allowing for distortion and supernaturalistic intermixture.† â€Å"Ah,† said Seldon and seemed to retire into his thoughts. Finally Dors broke the silence that followed and said, â€Å"It’s not so uncommon, you know. There is a considerable religious element on many worlds. It’s grown stronger in the last few centuries as the Empire has grown more turbulent. On my world of Cinna, at least a quarter of the population is tritheistic.† Seldon was again painfully and regretfully conscious of his ignorance of history. He said, â€Å"Were there times in past history when religion was more prominent than it is today?† â€Å"Certainly. In addition, there are new varieties springing up constantly. The Mycogenian religion, whatever it might be, could be relatively new and may be restricted to Mycogen itself. I couldn’t really tell without considerable study.† â€Å"But now we get to the point of it, Dors. Is it your opinion that women are more apt to be religious than men are?† Dors Venabili raised her eyebrows. â€Å"I’m not sure if we can assume anything as simple as that.† She thought a bit. â€Å"I suspect that those elements of a population that have a smaller stake in the material natural world are more apt to find solace in what you call supernaturalism-the poor, the disinherited, the downtrodden. Insofar as supernaturalism overlaps religion, they may also be more religious. There are obviously many exceptions in both directions. Many of the downtrodden may lack religion; many of the rich, powerful, and satisfied may possess it.† â€Å"But in Mycogen,† said Seldon, â€Å"where the women seem to be treated as subhuman-would I be right in assuming they would be more religious than the men, more involved in the legends that the society has been preserving?† â€Å"I wouldn’t risk my life on it, Hari, but I’d be willing to risk a week’s income on it.† â€Å"Good,† said Seldon thoughtfully. Dors smiled at him. â€Å"There’s a bit of your psychohistory, Hari. Rule number 47,854: The downtrodden are more religious than the satisfied.† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"Don’t joke about psychohistory, Dors. You know I’m not looking for tiny rules but for vast generalizations and for means of manipulation. I don’t want comparative religiosity as the result of a hundred specific rules. I want something from which I can, after manipulation through some system of mathematicized logic, say, ‘Aha, this group of people will tend to be more religious than that group, provided that the following criteria are met, and that, therefore, when humanity meets with these stimuli, it will react with these responses.’ â€Å" â€Å"How horrible,† said Dors. â€Å"You are picturing human beings as simple mechanical devices. Press this button and you will get that twitch.† â€Å"No, because there will be many buttons pushing simultaneously to varying degrees and eliciting so many responses of different sorts that overall the predictions of the future will be statistical in nature, so that the individual human being will remain a free agent.† â€Å"How can you know this?† â€Å"I can’t,† said Seldon. â€Å"At least, I don’t know it. I feel it to be so. It is what I consider to be the way things ought to be. If I can find the axioms, the fundamental Laws of Humanics, so to speak, and the necessary mathematical treatment, then I will have my psychohistory. I have proved that, in theory, this is possible-â€Å" â€Å"But impractical, right?† â€Å"I keep saying so.† A small smile curved Dors’s lips, â€Å"Is that what you are doing, Hari, looking for some sort of solution to this problem?† â€Å"I don’t know. I swear to you I don’t know. But Chetter Hummin is so anxious to find a solution and, for some reason, I am anxious to please him. He is so persuasive a man.† â€Å"Yes, I know.† Seldon let that comment pass, although a small frown flitted across his face. Seldon continued. â€Å"Hummin insists the Empire is decaying, that it will collapse, that psychohistory is the only hope for saving it-or cushioning it or ameliorating it-and that without it humanity will be destroyed or, at the very least, go through prolonged misery. He seems to place the responsibility for preventing that on me. Now, the Empire will certainly last my time, but if I’m to live at ease, I must lift that responsibility from my shoulders. I must convince myself-and even convince Hummin-that psychohistory is not a practical way out that, despite theory, it cannot be developed. So I must follow up as many leads as I can and show that each one must fail.† â€Å"Leads? Like going back in history to a time when human society was smaller than it is now?† â€Å"Much smaller. And far less complex.† â€Å"And showing that a solution is still impractical?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"But who is going to describe the early world for you? If the Mycogenians have some coherent picture of the primordial Galaxy, Sunmaster certainly won’t reveal it to a tribesman. No Mycogenian will. This is an ingrown society-how many times have we already said it?-and its members are suspicious of tribesmen to the point of paranoia. They’ll tell us nothing.† â€Å"I will have to think of a way to persuade some Mycogenians to talk. Those Sisters, for instance.† â€Å"They won’t even hear you, male that you are, any more than Sunmaster hears me. And even if they do talk to you, what would they know but a few catch phrases?† â€Å"I must start somewhere.† Dors said, â€Å"Well, let me think. Hummin says I must protect you and I interpret that as meaning I must help you when I can. What do I know about religion? That’s nowhere near my specialty, you know. I have always dealt with economic forces, rather than philosophic forces, but you can’t split history into neat little nonoverlapping divisions. For instance, religions tend to accumulate wealth when successful and that eventually tends to distort the economic development of a society. There, incidentally, is one of the numerous rules of human history that you’ll have to derive from your basic Laws of Humanics or whatever you called them. But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And here, Dors’s voice faded away as she lapsed into thought. Seldon watched her cautiously and Dors’s eyes glazed as though she was looking deep within herself. Finally she said, â€Å"This is not an invariable rule, but it seems to me that on many occasions, a religion has a book-or books-of significance; books that give their ritual, their view of history, their sacred poetry, and who knows what else. Usually, those books are open to all and are a means of proselytization. Sometimes they are secret.† â€Å"Do you think Mycogen has books of that sort?† â€Å"To be truthful,† said Dors thoughtfully, â€Å"I have never heard of any. I might have if they existed openly-which means they either don’t exist or are kept secret. In either case, it seems to me you are not going to see them.† â€Å"At least it’s a starting point,† said Seldon grimly. 42. The Sisters returned about two hours after Hari and Dors had finished lunch. They were smiling, both of them, and Raindrop Forty-Three, the graver one, held up a gray kirtle for Dors’s inspection. â€Å"It is very attractive,† said Dors, smiling widely and nodding her head with a certain sincerity. â€Å"I like the clever embroidery here.† â€Å"It is nothing,† twittered Raindrop Forty-Five. â€Å"It is one of my old things and it won’t fit very well, for you are taller than I am. But it will do for a while and we will take you out to the very best kirtlery to get a few that will fit you and your tastes perfectly. You will see.† Raindrop Forty-Three, smiling a little nervously but saying nothing and keeping her eyes fixed on the ground, handed a white kirtle to Dors. It was folded neatly. Dors did not attempt to unfold it, but passed it on to Seldon. â€Å"From the color I should say it’s yours, Hari.† â€Å"Presumably,† said Seldon, â€Å"but give it back. She did not give it to me.† â€Å"Oh, Hari,† mouthed Dors, shaking her head slightly. â€Å"No,† said Seldon firmly. â€Å"She did not give it to me. Give it back to her and I’ll wait for her to give it to me.† Dors hesitated, then made a half-hearted attempt to pass the kirtle back to Raindrop Forty-Three. The Sister put her hands behind her back and moved away, all life seeming to drain from her face. Raindrop Forty-Five stole a glance at Seldon, a very quick one, then took a quick step toward Raindrop Forty-Three and put her arms about her. Dors said, â€Å"Come, Hari, I’m sure that Sisters are not permitted to talk to men who are not related to them. What’s the use of making her miserable? She can’t help it.† â€Å"I don’t believe it,† said Seldon harshly. â€Å"If there is such a rule, it applies only to Brothers. I doubt very much that she’s ever met a tribesman before.† Dors said to Raindrop Forty-Three in a soft voice, â€Å"Have you ever met a tribesman before, Sister, or a tribeswoman?† A long hesitation and then a slow negative shake of the head. Seldon threw out his arms. â€Å"Well, there you are. If there is a rule of silence, it applies only to the Brothers. Would they have sent these young women-these Sisters-to deal with us if there was any rule against speaking to tribesmen?† â€Å"It might be, Hari, that they were meant to speak only to me and I to you.† â€Å"Nonsense. I don’t believe it and I won’t believe it. I am not merely a tribesman, I am an honored guest in Mycogen, asked to be treated as such by Chetter Hummin and escorted here by Sunmaster Fourteen himself. I will not be treated as though I do not exist. I will be in communication with Sunmaster Fourteen and I will complain bitterly.† Raindrop Forty-Five began to sob and Raindrop Forty-Three, retaining her comparative impassivity, nevertheless flushed faintly. Dors made as though to appeal to Seldon once again, but he stopped her with a brief and angry outward thrust of his right arm and then stared gloweringly at Raindrop Forty-Three. And finally she spoke and did not twitter. Rather, her voice trembled hoarsely, as though she had to force it to sound in the direction of a male being and was doing so against all her instincts and desires. â€Å"You must not complain of us, tribesman. That would be unjust. You force me to break the custom of our people. What do you want of me?† Seldon smiled disarmingly at once and held out his hand. â€Å"The garment you brought me. The kirtle.† Silently, she stretched out her arm and deposited the kirtle in his hand. He bowed slightly and said in a soft warm voice, â€Å"Thank you, Sister.† He then cast a very brief look in Dors’s direction, as though to say: You see? But Dors looked away angrily. The kirtle was featureless, Seldon saw as he unfolded it (embroidery and decorativeness were for women, apparently), but it came with a tasseled belt that probably had some particular way of being worn. No doubt he could work it out. He said, â€Å"I’ll step into the bathroom and put this thing on. It won’t take but a minute, I suppose.† He stepped into the small chamber and found the door would not close behind him because Dors was forcing her way in as well. Only when the two of them were in the bathroom together did the door close. â€Å"What were you doing?† Dors hissed angrily. â€Å"You were an absolute brute, Hari. Why did you treat the poor woman that way?† Seldon said impatiently, â€Å"I had to make her talk to me. I’m counting on her for information. You know that. I’m sorry I had to be cruel, but how else could I have broken down her inhibitions?† And he motioned her out. When he emerged, he found Dors in her kirtle too. Dors, despite the bald head the skincap gave her and the inherent dowdiness of the kirtle, managed to look quite attractive. The stitching on the robe somehow suggested a figure without revealing it in the least. Her belt was wider than his own and was a slightly different shade of gray from her kirtle. What’s more, it was held in front by two glittering blue stone snaps. (Women did manage to beautify themselves even under the greatest difficulty, Seldon thought.) Looking over at Hari, Dors said, â€Å"You look quite the Mycogenian now. The two of us are fit to be taken to the stores by the Sisters.† â€Å"Yes,† said Seldon, â€Å"but afterward I want Raindrop Forty-Three to take me on a tour of the microfarms.† Raindrop Forty-Three’s eyes widened and she took a rapid step backward. â€Å"I’d like to see them,† said Seldon calmly. Raindrop Forty-Three looked quickly at Dors. â€Å"Tribeswoman-â€Å" Seldon said, â€Å"Perhaps you know nothing of the farms, Sister.† That seemed to touch a nerve. She lifted her chin haughtily as she still carefully addressed Dors. â€Å"I have worked on the microfarms. All Brothers and Sisters do at some point in their lives.† â€Å"Well then, take me on the tour,† said Seldon, â€Å"and lets not go through the argument again. I am not a Brother to whom you are forbidden to speak and with whom you may have no dealings. I am a tribesman and an honored guest. I wear this skincap and this kirtle so as not to attract undue attention, but I am a scholar and while I am here I must learn. I cannot sit in this room and stare at the wall. I want to see the one thing you have that the rest of the Galaxy does not have†¦ your microfarms. I should think you’d be proud to show them.† â€Å"We are proud,† said Raindrop Forty-Three, finally facing Seldon as she spoke, â€Å"and I will show you and don’t think you will learn any of our secrets if that is what you are after. I will show you the microfarms tomorrow morning. It will take time to arrange a tour.† Seldon said, â€Å"I will wait till tomorrow morning. But do you promise? Do I have your word of honor?† Raindrop Forty-Three said with clear contempt, â€Å"I am a Sister and I will do as I say. I will keep my word, even to a tribesman.† Her voice grew icy at the last words, while her eyes widened and seemed to glitter. Seldon wondered what was passing through her mind and felt uneasy. 43. Seldon passed a restless night. To begin with, Dors had announced that she must accompany him on the tour of the microfarm and he had objected strenuously. â€Å"The whole purpose,† he said, â€Å"is to make her talk freely, to present her with an unusual environment-alone with a male, even if a tribesman. Having broken custom so far, it will be easier to break it further. If you’re along, she will talk to you and I will only get the leavings.† â€Å"And if something happens to you in my absence, as it did Upperside?† â€Å"Nothing will happen. Please! If you want to help me, stay away. If not, I will have nothing further to do with you. I mean it, Dors. This is important to me. Much as I’ve grown fond of you, you cannot come ahead of this.† She agreed with enormous reluctance and said only, â€Å"Promise me you’ll at least be nice to her, then.† And Seldon said, â€Å"Is it me you must protect or her? I assure you that I didn’t treat her harshly for pleasure and I won’t do so in the future.† The memory of this argument with Dors-their first-helped keep him awake a large part of the night; that, together with the nagging thought that the two Sisters might not arrive in the morning, despite Raindrop Forty-Three’s promise. They did arrive, however, not long after Seldon had completed a spare breakfast (he was determined not to grow fat through overindulgence) and had put on a kirtle that fitted him precisely. He had carefully organized the belt so that it hung perfectly. Raindrop Forty-Three, still with a touch of ice in her eye, said, â€Å"if you are ready, Tribesman Seldon, my sister will remain with Tribeswoman Venabili.† Her voice was neither twittery nor hoarse. It was as though she had steadied herself through the night, practicing, in her mind, how to speak to one who was a male but not a Brother. Seldon wondered if she had lost sleep and said, â€Å"I am quite ready.† Together, half an hour later, Raindrop Forty-Three and Hari Seldon were descending level upon level. Though it was daytime by the clock, the light was dusky and dimmer than it had been elsewhere on Trantor. There was no obvious reason for this. Surely, the artificial daylight that slowly progressed around the Trantorian sphere could include the Mycogen Sector. The Mycogenians must want it that way, Seldon thought, clinging to some primitive habit. Slowly Seldon’s eyes adjusted to the dim surroundings. Seldon tried to meet the eyes of passersby, whether Brothers or Sisters, calmly. He assumed he and Raindrop Forty-Three would be taken as a Brother and his woman and that they would be given no notice as long as he did nothing to attract attention. Unfortunately, it seemed as if Raindrop Forty-Three wanted to be noticed. She talked to him in few words and in low tones out of a clenched mouth. It was clear that the company of an unauthorized male, even though only she knew this fact, raved her self-confidence. Seldon was quite sure that if he asked her to relax, he would merely make her that much more uneasy. (Seldon wondered what she would do if she met someone who knew her. He felt more relaxed once they reached the lower levels, where human beings were fewer.) The descent was not by elevators either, but by moving staired ramps that existed in pairs, one going up and one going down. Raindrop Forty-Three referred to them as â€Å"escalators.† Seldon wasn’t sure he had caught the word correctly, never having heard it before. As they sank to lower and lower levels, Seldon’s apprehension grew. Most worlds possessed microfarms and most worlds produced their own varieties of microproducts. Seldon, back on Helicon, had occasionally shopped for seasonings in the microfarms and was always aware of an unpleasant stomach-turning stench. The people who worked at the microfarms didn’t seem to mind. Even when casual visitors wrinkled their noses, they seemed to acclimate themselves to it. Seldon, however, was always peculiarly susceptible to the smell. He suffered and he expected to suffer now. He tried soothing himself with the thought that he was nobly sacrificing his comfort to his need for information, but that didn’t keep his stomach from turning itself into knots in apprehension. After he had lost track of the number of levels they had descended, with the air still seeming reasonably fresh, he asked, â€Å"When do we get to the microfarm levels?† â€Å"We’re there now.† Seldon breathed deeply. â€Å"It doesn’t smell as though we are.† â€Å"Smell? What do you mean?† Raindrop Forty-Three was offended enough to speak quite loudly. â€Å"There was always a putrid odor associated with microfarms, in my experience. You know, from the fertilizer that bacteria, yeast, fungi, and saprophytes generally need.† â€Å"In your experience?† Her voice lowered again. â€Å"Where was that?† â€Å"On my home world.† The Sister twisted her face into wild repugnance. â€Å"And your people wallow in gabelle?† Seldon had never heard the word before, but from the look and the intonation, he knew what it meant. He said, â€Å"It doesn’t smell like that, you understand, once it is ready for consumption.† â€Å"Ours doesn’t smell like that at any time. Our biotechnicians have worked out perfect strains. The algae grow in the purest light and the most carefully balanced electrolyte solutions. The saprophytes are fed on beautifully combined organics. The formulas and recipes are something no tribespeople will ever know. Come on, here we are. Sniff all you want. You’ll find nothing offensive. That is one reason why our food is in demand throughout the Galaxy and why the Emperor, we are told, eats nothing else, though it is far too good for a tribesman if you ask me, even if he calls himself Emperor.† She said it with an anger that seemed directly aimed at Seldon. Then, as though afraid he might miss that, she added, â€Å"Or even if he calls himself an honored guest.† They stepped out into a narrow corridor, on each side of which were large thick glass tanks in which roiled cloudy green water full of swirling, growing algae, moving about through the force of the gas bubbles that streamed up through it. They would be rich in carbon dioxide, he decided. Rich, rosy light shone down into the tanks, light that was much brighter than that in the corridors. He commented thoughtfully on that. â€Å"Of course,† she said. â€Å"These algae work best at the red end of the spectrum.† â€Å"I presume,† said Seldon, â€Å"that everything is automated.† She shrugged, but did not respond. â€Å"I don’t see quantities of Brothers and Sisters in evidence,† Seldon said, persisting. â€Å"Nevertheless, there is work to be done and they do it, even if you don’t see them at work. The details are not for you. Don’t waste your time by asking about it.† â€Å"Wait. Don’t be angry with me. I don’t expect to be told state secrets. Come on, dear.† (The word slipped out.) He took her arm as she seemed on the point of hurrying away. She remained in place, but he felt her shudder slightly and he released her in embarrassment. He said, â€Å"It’s just that it seems automated.† â€Å"Make what you wish of the seeming. Nevertheless, there is room here for human brains and human judgment. Every Brother and Sister has occasion to work here at some time. Some make a profession of it.† She was speaking more freely now but, to his continuing embarrassment, he noticed her left hand move stealthily toward her right arm and gently rub the spot where he had touched her, as though he had stung her. â€Å"It goes on for kilometers and kilometers,† she said, â€Å"but if we turn here there’ll he a portion of the fungal section you can see.† They moved along. Seldon noted how clean everything was. The glass sparkled. The tiled floor seemed moist, though when he seized a moment to bend and touch it, it wasn’t. Nor was it slippery-unless his sandals (with his big toe protruding in approved Mycogenian fashion) had nonslip soles. Raindrop Forty-Three was right in one respect. Here and there a Brother or a Sister worked silently, studying gauges, adjusting controls, sometimes engaged in something as unskilled as polishing equipment-always absorbed in whatever they were doing. Seldon was careful not to ask what they were doing, since he did not want to cause the Sister humiliation in having to answer that she did not know or anger in her having to remind him there were things he must not know. They passed through a lightly swinging door and Seldon suddenly noticed the faintest touch of the odor he remembered. He looked at Raindrop Forty-Three, but she seemed unconscious of it and soon he too became used to it. The character of the light changed suddenly. The rosiness was gone and the brightness too. All seemed to be in a twilight except where equipment was spotlighted and wherever there was a spotlight there seemed to be a Brother or a Sister. Some wore lighted headbands that gleamed with a pearly glow and, in the middle distance, Seldon could see, here and there, small sparks of light moving erratically. As they walked, he cast a quick eye on her profile. It was all he could really judge by. At all other times, he could not cease being conscious of her bulging bald head, her bare eyes, her colorless face. They drowned her individuality and seemed to make her invisible. Here in profile, however, he could see something. Nose, chin, full lips, regularity, beauty. The dim light somehow smoothed out and softened the great upper desert. He thought with surprise: She could be very beautiful if she grew her hair and arranged it nicely. And then he thought that she couldn’t grow her hair. She would be bald her whole life. Why? Why did they have to do that to her? Sunmaster said it was so that a Mycogenian would know himself (or herself) for a Mycogenian all his (or her) life. Why was that so important that the curse of hairlessness had to be accepted as a badge or mark of identity? And then, because he was used to arguing both sides in his mind, he thought: Custom is second nature. Be accustomed to a bald head, sufficiently accustomed, and hair on it would seem monstrous, would evoke nausea. He himself had shaved his face every morning, removing all the facial hair, uncomfortable at the merest stubble, and yet he did not think of his face as bald or as being in any way unnatural. Of course, he could grow his facial hair at any time he wished-but he didn’t wish to do so. He knew that there were worlds on which the men did not shave; in some, they did not even clip or shape the facial hair but let it grow wild. What would they say if they could see his own bald face, his own hairless chin, cheek, and lips? And meanwhile, he walked with Raindrop Forty-Three-endlessly, it seemed-and every once in a while she guided him by the elbow and it seemed to him that she had grown accustomed to that, for she did not withdraw her hand hastily. Sometimes it remained for nearly a minute. She said, â€Å"Here! Come here!† â€Å"What is that?† asked Seldon. They were standing before a small tray filled with little spheres, each about two centimeters in diameter. A Brother who was tending the area and who had just placed the tray where it was looked up in mild inquiry. Raindrop Forty-Three said to Seldon in a low voice, â€Å"Ask for a few.† Seldon realized she could not speak to a Brother until spoken to and said uncertainly, â€Å"May we have a few, B-brother?† â€Å"Have a handful, Brother,† said the other heartily. Seldon plucked out one of the spheres and was on the point of handing it to Raindrop Forty-Three when he noticed that she had accepted the invitation as applying to herself and reached in for two handfuls. The sphere felt glossy, smooth. Seldon said to Raindrop Forty-Three as they moved away from the vat and from the Brother who was in attendance, â€Å"Are these supposed to be eaten?† He lifted the sphere cautiously to his nose. â€Å"They don’t smell,† she said sharply. â€Å"What are they?† â€Å"Dainties. Raw dainties. For the outside market they’re flavored in different ways, but here in Mycogen we eat them unflavored-the only way.† She put one in her mouth and said, â€Å"I never have enough.† Seldon put his sphere into his mouth and felt it dissolve and disappear rapidly. His mouth, for a moment, ran liquid and then it slid, almost of its own accord, down his throat. He stood for a moment, amazed. It was slightly sweet and, for that matter, had an even fainter bitter aftertaste, but the main sensation eluded him. â€Å"May I have another?† he said. â€Å"Have half a dozen,† said Raindrop Forty-Three, holding out her hand. â€Å"They never have quite the same taste twice and have practically no calories. Just taste.† She was right. He tried to have the dainty linger in his mouth; he tried licking it carefully; tried biting off a piece. However, the most careful lick destroyed it. When a bit was crunched off apiece, the rest of it disappeared at once. And each taste was undefinable and not quite like the one before. â€Å"The only trouble is,† said the Sister happily, â€Å"that every once in a while you have a very unusual one and you never forget it, but you never have it again either. I had one when I was nine-† Her expression suddenly lost its excitement and she said, â€Å"It’s a good thing. It teaches you the evanescence of things of the world.† It was a signal, Seldon thought. They had wandered about aimlessly long enough. She had grown used to him and was talking to him. And now the conversation had to come to its point. Now! 44. Seldon said, â€Å"I come from a world which lies out in the open, Sister, as all worlds do but Trantor. Rain comes or doesn’t come, the rivers trickle or are in flood, temperature is high or low. That means harvests are good or bad. Here, however, the environment is truly controlled. Harvests have no choice but to be good. How fortunate Mycogen is.† He waited. There were different possible answers and his course of action would depend on which answer came. She was speaking quite freely now and seemed to have no inhibitions concerning his masculinity, so this long tour had served its purpose. Raindrop Forty-Three said, â€Å"The environment is not that easy to control. There are, occasionally, viral infections and there are sometimes unexpected and undesirable mutations. There are times when whole vast batches wither or are worthless.† â€Å"You astonish me. And what happens then?† â€Å"There is usually no recourse but to destroy the spoiled batches, even those that are merely suspected of spoilage. Trays and tanks must be totally sterilized, sometimes disposed of altogether.† â€Å"It amounts to surgery, then,† said Seldon. â€Å"You cut out the diseased tissue.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And what do you do to prevent such things from happening?† â€Å"What can we do? We test constantly for any mutations that may spring up, any new viruses that may appear, any accidental contamination or alteration of the environment. It rarely happens that we detect anything wrong, but if we do, we take drastic action. The result is that bad years are very few and even bad years affect only fractional bits here and there. The worst year we’ve ever had fell short of the average by only 12 percent-though that was enough to produce hardship. The trouble is that even the most careful forethought and the most cleverly designed computer programs can’t always predict what is essentially unpredictable.† (Seldon felt an involuntary shudder go through him. It was as though she was speaking of psychohistory-but she was only speaking of the microfarm produce of a tiny fraction of humanity, while he himself was considering all the mighty Galactic Empire in every one of all its activities.) Unavoidably disheartened, he said, â€Å"Surely, it’s not all unpredictable. There are forces that guide and that care for us all.† The Sister stiffened. She turned around toward him, seeming to study him with her penetrating eyes. But all she said was â€Å"What?† Seldon felt uneasy. â€Å"It seems to me that in speaking of viruses and mutations, we’re talking about the natural, about phenomena that are subject to natural law. That leaves out of account the supernatural, doesn’t it? It leaves out that which is not subject to natural law and can, therefore, control natural law.† She continued to stare at him, as though he had suddenly begun speaking some distant, unknown dialect of Galactic Standard. Again she said, in half a whisper this time, â€Å"Wharf.† He continued, stumbling over unfamiliar words that half-embarrassed him. â€Å"You must appeal to some great essence, some great spirit, some†¦ I don’t know what to call it.† Raindrop Forty-Three said in a voice that rose into higher registers but remained low, â€Å"I thought so. I thought that was what you meant, but I couldn’t believe it. You’re accusing us of having religion. Why didn’t you say so? Why didn’t you use the word?† She waited for an answer and Seldon, a little confused at the onslaught, said, â€Å"Because that’s not a word I use. I call it ‘supernaturalism.’ â€Å" â€Å"Call it what you will. It’s religion and we don’t have it. Religion is for the tribesmen, for the swarming ho-â€Å" The Sister paused to swallow as though she had come near to choking and Seldon was certain the word she had choked over was-â€Å" She was in control again. Speaking slowly and somewhat below her normal soprano, she said, â€Å"We are not a religious people. Our kingdom is of this Galaxy and always has been. If you have a religion-â€Å" Seldon felt trapped. Somehow he had not counted on this. He raised a hand defensively. â€Å"Not really. I’m a mathematician and my kingdom is also of this Galaxy. It’s just that I thought, from the rigidity of your customs, that your kingdom-â€Å" â€Å"Don’t think it, tribesman. If our customs are rigid, it is because we are mere millions surrounded by billions. Somehow we must mark ourselves off so that we precious few are not lost among your swarms and hordes. We must be marked off by our hairlessness, our clothing, our behavior, our way of life. We must know who we are and we must be sure that you tribesmen know who we are. We labor in our farms so that we can make ourselves valuable in your eyes and thus make certain that you leave us alone. That’s all we ask of you†¦ to leave us alone.† â€Å"I have no intention of harming you or any of your people. I seek only knowledge, here as everywhere.† â€Å"So you insult us by asking about our religion, as though we have ever called on a mysterious, insubstantial spirit to do for us what we cannot do for ourselves.† â€Å"There are many people, many worlds who believe in supernaturalism in one form or another†¦ religion, if you like the word better. We may disagree with them in one way or another, but we are as likely to be wrong in our disbelief as they in their belief. In any case, there is no disgrace in such belief and my questions were not intended as insults.† But she was not reconciled. â€Å"Religion!† she said angrily. â€Å"We have no need of it.† Seldon’s spirits, having sunk steadily in the course of this exchange, reached bottom. This whole thing, this expedition with Raindrop Forty-Three, had come to nothing. But she went on to say, â€Å"We have something far better. We have history.† And Seldon’s feelings rebounded at once and he smiled. How to cite Prelude to Foundation Chapter 9 Microfarm, Essay examples

Systemic Overview OF Paradigm Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Systemic Overview OF Paradigm Management? Answer: Introduction: The study of evolution of management thinking describes different historical approaches of management. Those accounting help managers to adopt various managerial concepts and implement them under different circumstances (Khorasani and Almasifard 2017). In this report, two concepts are chosen to analyse this concept of management evaluation based on the Vodafone Company. Scientific Management: Fredrick Taylor gave the concept of scientific management theory from a classical point of view. According to him, scientific changes can improve labour productivity. According to this theory, employers will hire skilled workers with high wage rate (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). Moreover, high wage incentives attract workers to work more and to create more output. This scientific management concept has developed the concept of modern management. However, this concept did not think about labour welfare. Hence, clashes occur between employers and employees. Employers do not consider any ideas of workers. Moreover, workers remain uninformed regarding any company decision. Theory X and Theory Y: Douglas McGregr developed the motivational theory X and Y. These two theories are different by their nature. Managers use those theories to motivate their workers. Theory X states the concept of supervision and theory Y gives importance on rewards and recognition. Both theories follow different methodology to keep employees motivated (Sorensen and Yaeger 2017). Theory X chiefly follows an approach of authoritarian to motivate their workers. This theory follows some fundamental assumptions. This first assumption is that maximum people do not want to work and try to avoid this. Secondly, employees need management direction, control or threatened to work for completing a companys target. As those workers always try to avoid responsibly, managers will monitor them. There are some other companies, who follow Y theory. This concept is more decentralised by nature. Employees enjoy authorisation power and that help to remain motivated. Theory Y also follows some assumptions. The chief assumption is that workers take responsibility of their own actions. They try to work hard to achieve the goal of their company. They try to perform their work efficiently, without any supervision of their higher authority. However, theory x and theory Y has some limitations. In theory X, workers are threatened to work (Lawter, Kopelman and Prottas 2015). However, this will create a negative impact. Hence, workers cannot fulfil companys goal. On the other hand, application of theory Y in a company is very rare. In a practical environment, a company never can distribute their authority power to its all workers. Workers can misuse that power. Company Selection: In modern business environment, these theories can describe any companys management strategy. Here, Vodafone is chosen to analyse those management thinking. It is a U.K based multinational telecommunication company (Vodafone.com 2018). The company has captures its market in maximum region of the world. There are other famous international and domestic telecommunication companies, across the world. Hence, to compete with those companies, Vodafone needs to follow different management thinking. Scientific management analysis: Vodafone follows the scientific approach of Taylor. This management states a close work relation between managers with their workers to develop and encourage them. Call centre managers of Vodafone also follows this method by maintain a regular report. Managers maintain a key performance indicator (KPI) report of their employees on a daily dashboard. This report helps managers to analyse performance of their workers. This report also includes business of leaves, turnover and quality result of every employees. Manger follows Taylors theory for those workers who cannot maintain minimum score of 3 points of their KPI report (Kerl 2018). They try to indentify workers problem by performance management. Here, managers and workers play distinct performance. Managers take various decisions related to business and customer satisfaction. On the other side, call centre employees only operate customers through phone calls. Moreover, Taylor stated about the wage incentives to motivate employees to work more efficiently. In this company, there are many workers, who perform on a pay-by performance scheme (Frynas and Mellahi 2015). Their salaries are fluctuated according to their performance. The company also provide various awards to encourage their performance. These are scholarships and overseas placements. Hence, the above discussion proves that Vodafone follows Taylors approach. There are various evident, like performance rate and incentive schemes, to support this concept. However, there are some other concepts of this company that do not follow this concept. The company tries to maintain job satisfaction among their workers. Theory X and Y analysis: The Vodafone Company does not follow theory X or theory Y to operate their business. If they apply theory X then they need to threat those workers, who do not want to work. However, this effect will adversely affect the company. In future, the company can lose its potential workers. Moreover, a bad reputation will negatively affect the company. Hence, they will not apply theory X at any moment. The Vodafone Company always tries to motivate their employees by giving incentives and other rewards. The company also thinks about the wellbeing of their worker (Achieng 2014). Moreover, they try to analyse problems of those workers, who do not want to work further. Managers always try to solve those problems. Hence, well understanding helps this company to make a healthy and good relationship with their workers. On the other hand, the company will never follow theory Y. The Vodafone Company hires skilled managers to manage different sections of their work. In a call centre, the company also provides a manager to supervise employees (Francis and Santhosh 2016). This helps the company to manage their controlling power. If the company will follow theory Y, then it may lose all its controlling power. Moreover, the higher authority cannot control any activity of their workers. As a result, the company will lose its profit. Hence, any profit making competing firm like Vodafone will never follow any of those theories. Evaluation: The Vodafone Company only follows scientific management approach to develop their business. This approach helps this company to expand further with good employees. Hence, this approach is applicable for any organisations. However, theory X and Y are not applicable. They do not provide any good impact on a companys management capacity. 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